Linking meters and markets: Roles and incentives to support a flexible demand side

Present trends in the development of electricity systems are expected to generate a growing need for flexibility in decentralised resources, including demand response. In order to enable decentralised actors to create value, the organisation of markets and incentives should incorporate these new participants. The roll-out of smart metering to electricity consumers is an important precondition to establishing a flexible demand side and will provide essential information flows. On the basis of current incentive structures and related risks, however, the pass-through of information and value from wholesale market participants to the demand side is mostly infeasible, resulting in flexibility tasks being aggregated and delegated to balancing responsible wholesale traders. This analysis focuses on whether current incentives and roles are appropriate and where the design could be improved to establish a flexible demand side with a particular focus on the Danish case. Design-related barriers are identified that affect expected value, associated risks, and the distribution of responsibilities. This serves as a basis to define policy options in the context of Nordic electricity markets. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Rapport final de l'étude sur les conditions macroéconomiques de pénétration du véhicule électrique dans le cadre de la chaire Modélisation prospective pour le développement durable

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Modelling of harmonics produced by Compact Fluorescent Lamps in the frequency range 2-150 kHz

This paper studies the disturbances produced by a device made of a rectifier with an active power factor correction. In particular, it focuses on compact fluorescent lamps. Active Power Factor Correction allows to reduce the low frequency harmonics (below 2 kHz) but it induces components at frequencies located in the frequency range 2-150 kHz. This paper presents the complete model of a compact fluorescent lamp and the design of its components. To reduce the simulation time, a simplified model made of a current source and the EMI filter is developed. A comparison of both models is performed and allows us to validate this simplified model

Special Report on Session 2 : Power Quality & Electromagnetic Compatibility22nd International Conference on Electricity Distribution, CIRED 2013 (Prague, June 2009)

The scope of Session 2 has been defined as follows by the Session Advisory Group : • Power Quality (PQ) : voltage continuity (often referred to as supply reliability - problem of outages) and voltage quality (LF disturbances, 9 kHz, reaching equipment through the electricity supply) ; • EMI, EMF and Safety : HF disturbances on the electricity supply and all disturbances - HF or LF - reaching equipment other than through the electricity supply ; some safety and resistibility concerns (Electromagnetic fields - overvoltages - step, touch and transferred voltages...) are also considered. N.B. The concept of Quality of Supply is a little broader than Power Quality. In addition to Voltage Continuity and Voltage Quality, it includes the Commercial Quality (quality of response to telephone calls, etc., see Session 6). The S2 papers will be discussed in three events : - Main Session (Tuesday 9 June), - Poster Session (Wednesday 10 June), - Research & Innovation Forum (Thursday 11 June). Two Round Tables will be organized : - Voltage dip immunity of equipment used in installations (RT.2a, Thursday 11 June) - CEER/EURELECTRIC cooperation on continuity of supply and voltage quality requirements and incentives (RT.2b, Thursday 11 June). A Tutorial on Power Quality will take place on Monday. Several PQ&EMC-related papers will be discussed within other sessions (S1, S3, S4, S5, S6). So, CIRED 2007 will be a great event for all people interested in Power Quality and Electromagnetic Compatibility ! The aim of this special report is to present a synthesis of the present concerns in PQ&EMC, based on all selected papers (S2 and other sessions : 166 papers !)

Study of the Harmonic Behaviour of PWM Converters under Distorted Voltages

The subject of this paper is the analysis of the generation of harmonics of PWM converters connected to a grid with background harmonics. Models of the converters and their control systems were made and the influence of design parameters was analysed

A Review of Flicker Objectives Related to Complaints, Measurements and Analysis Techniques

Recent anecdotal and technical evidence exists regarding the difficulty in coordinating measured flicker levels with customer complaints. This potential poor correlation is particularly observed with regard to measurements made in HV and EHV systems and, to a lesser extent, to measurements made in MV systems. A recently completed report from CIGRE/CIRED C4.07 documented measured levels of Pst (or Plt where used) above planning levels while no complaints were received from LV users. Similar reports were also received throughout the work of CIGRE/CIRED C4.103 in revising IEC 61000-3-7, culminating in new annex material offering possible options for managing this situation. To develop further understanding of the possible causes of the observed lack of correlation, CIGRE/CIRED C4.108 was convened first in 2007. This paper documents the preliminary findings of that group

Inner Current Control Loop Influence on Islanded Microgrid Dynamic Behavior

A stable islanded microgrid operation is generally dictated by the adopted control strategy into the system. Droop control and master-slave control are the most used into parallel-connected inverters. However, the choice between the two is often performed in function of their complexity and that of the system configuration. It is rarely achieved in function of the microgrid dynamics. This paper proposes the system dynamics and stability as a criterion for choosing a microgrid control strategy. This is explored into the microgrid composed of photovoltaic and battery energy sources, as well as constant impedance load. The influence of inner current control loop parameters on microgrid dynamics, for both droop control and hybrid V-f and PQ control, is achieved through Small-signal stability analysis. The obtained results determine the proper control strategy from stability limits of two control methods established in the left half complex plane

HOSTING CAPACITY OF LV DISTRIBUTION GRIDS FOR SMALL DISTRIBUTED GENERATION UNITS, REFERRING TO VOLTAGE LEVEL AND UNBALANCE

This paper revisits the mechanism of overvoltage and voltage unbalance production in the context of the connection of small single-phase DG units to LV distribution grids. Based on quite simplified models of typical LV distribution feeders, the phenomenon is illustrated and quantified, through the introduction of a new index (distribution factor). Finally, some mitigation solutions are investigated