Breeding Doubled Haploid Maize Inbred Lines for Methionine and Lysine Amino Acid Composition

Maize protein quality is deficient due to lower lysine and methionine essential amino acid content. Therefore, developinghigh methionine and lysine hybrids is of importance in maize. In this study, 64 maize source populationswere crossed to RWS x RWK-76 haploid inducer genotype in Sakarya, Turkey to produce haploids in 2016 and2017. Putative haploids were planted in a greenhouse in 2017-2018 winter season in Antalya, Turkey to produceD0 lines. 115 D1 lines were selected and planted in 2018 summer field season in Sakarya for further investigation. Atotal of 65 D1 doubled haploid (DH) inbred lines were developed after final evaluations. While the majority of thedeveloped lines gave higher values for methionine and lysine content, Ant-QPMDH-39 and Ant-QPMDH-42 lineswere observed to have higher amino acid content when compared to parental lines. Statistics related to haploidinduction rate, germination rate, misclassification rate and doubled haploid line rate revealed that effect of sourcepopulations cannot be ignored in DH line development. Our results showed that DH technology is efficient in linedevelopment in terms of special traits in maize in a short breeding time

Reactions of anthocyanin rich in maize genotypes to low temperature treatments according to photosynthesis, gas exchange properties, and bio-active compounds

Low temperatures during the early growing stages limit the productivity of maize considerably. Investigating responses of different coloured corns (Zea mays L.) to chilling may reveal alternative genotypes which can be preferred under early sowing conditions of water-shortage farming areas. The aim of this study is determining whether the color factor affects the tolerance to chilling in maize and which properties are effective on the low temperature tolerance. We exposed corns with different colours (white, yellow, red, purple) to different temperatures [8°C, 12°C, 16°C, 25°C (control)] and analysed the effects of temperature on morphological, physiological, bio-active properties and stress indicators. Using 14-day old seedlings, we noted that purple corn had the highest seedling length, seedling weight, chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll B and total phenolic content in the 8°C and followed by white (photosynthesis rate, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll A and carotenoids), yellow (transpiration rate, sub stomatal CO2, and total antioxidant activity) and red corns (water use efficiency, total anthocyanin content and proline). On the other hand, white corn maintained its superiority in other treatments, receiving the highest values in 9 of 17 characteristics at 12°C, in 8 of 17 at 16°C and in 10 of 17 in the control. Performance of purple corn in the 8°C was the most remarkable one in all genotypes and treatments. Based on our results, it has been concluded that white and purple corns are more chilling tolerant genotypes and may be alternative for early sowing conditions in drought farming areas

Development of doubled haploid maize lines by using in vivo haploid technique

The doubled haploid technology is now an integral component of modern maizebreeding programs. In this study, the maternal haploid induction (gynogenesis)method was used to derive Doubled-Haploid (DH) lines from elite maize germplasmadapted to Turkey. Temperate haploid inducers (RWS, RWK-76, RWS x RWK-76 andWS14) were used as pollinators, and a set of 30 single-crossses (in FAO 650-700maturity groups) were used as source materials. Putative haploid seeds were selectedbased on expression of R1-nj anthocyanin color marker. Highest haploid induction rate(20.42%) was recorded by using RWK-76 as inducer line, and the lowest haploidinduction rate (17.75%) was obtained through WS14. Putative haploid seeds weregerminated and seedlings were treated with 0.06% colchicine + 0.5%dimethylsulfoxide solution. Following transfer of seedlings into the field, 2178 D0plants were obtained out of a total of 3012 treated haploids. Live plants were from89% of 2178 seedlings which are planted to the field. Fertile plants were formed 57%of live plants. Inbreeding was succeeded in 31.23% of fertile plants and only 7.8% ofinbreeding plants were able to produce seeds. Consequently, 27 doubled haploid lineswere developed

Sentetik ve Organik Gübrelerin Mısırda (Zea Mays L.) Verim ve Kaliteye Etkisi

Organik Tarım genel olarak mevcut olan ekolojik dengeyi korumak için tamamen veya mümkün olduğu ölçüde az kimyevi mücadele ilacı, gübre kullanımı ile, hayvancılıkta büyüme düzenleyiciler ve yem katkı maddeleri kullanımını kaldıran iyi bir toprak bakımı, ekim nöbeti, doğal gübreleme ve biyolojik zirai mücadele yapılması fikrine dayanan bir tarım sistemi olarak tanımlanabilir (Er ve Uranbey 1996). Dünyada başlangıçta ağırlıklı olarak şeker mısırı üzerinde yürütülen araştırmalar öncelik almışken, bugün organik mısırdan elde edilen mısır gevreği, mısır cipsleri, mısır nişastası, mısır yağı ve organik hayvansal ürün üretim zincirinde kullanılan yem de önemli miktardadır. Bu çalışma ile Sakarya T.A.E’nde sentetik ve organik gübrelerin mısır verimi ve ürün kalitesine olan etkisi incelenmiştir. Proje gereği fiğ bitkisi sonrasında (mısır ekim öncesi) yapılan toprak analizinde toprak pH’nın düştüğü, toprağın organik maddesi, NH4-N’u ve NO3-N’u arttığı görülmüştür. Mısır hasat sonrası uygulama parsellerinin toprak analiz sonuçlarına göre organik gübrelerin toprağın organik madde içeriğini arttırdığı ve böylece toprağın gözenek hacminin artması ve toprağın strüktürel özellikleri üzerine olan olumlu katkıları sonucunda toprağın su tutma kapasitesinin arttığı görülmüştür. Toplam tuz bakımından en fazla tuzluluk yapan uygulama ise ticari gübre uygulaması olmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre denemede yer alan organik preparatların ve organik gübrelerin verim verim unsurlarına etkisi en az ticari gübre kadar olumlu olmuştur. Hasat sonrası uygulama parsellerinden alınan tane örnekleri tanede yağ oranı, tanede nişasta oranı ve tanede protein oranını belirlemek için iki ayrı laboratuarda analiz yaptırılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre organik gübrelerin mısırın kalitesine olumlu etki ettiği de görülmüştür. 3 yıllık çalışma sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesinde ekonomik analiz de yer almıştır. Net Kar analizinin yapıldığı projede organik uygulamalardan alınan verimlerin organik ürün olarak değerlendirildiğinde ticari gübreden daha karlı olduğu belirlenmiştir

Comparison of Clinical and Hemodynamic Effects of Isoflurane and Sevoflurane Anesthesia in Calves

Background: Inhalation anesthesia is the preferred method for use on many animal species, including ruminants, due to its superiority over the injectable anesthetics. The most commonly used inhalation anesthetics are isoflurane and sevoflurane The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia on the cardiovascular system of calves.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 20 calves (11 male, 9 female) between 1 and 6 months in age and 50 to 85 kg in body weight were used. The calves were divided randomly into two groups of 10 each, with one group being administered isoflurane and the other sevoflurane. An intramuscular dosage of 0.1 mg/kg of xylazine was administered to the calves as premedication. Induction was performed 10 min after calves were given an intramuscular dosage of 4 mg/kg of ketamine. Inhalation anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane or sevoflurane in 100% oxygen saturation. Before anesthesia, after induction and at intervals of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, and 60 min of anesthesia, the body temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate of the calves were recorded. Additionally, before anesthesia, after induction and at intervals of 15, 30, 45, and 60 min of anesthesia, serum electrolyte (Na+, Ca++, K+, Mg++) and blood gases (pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO3-, TCO2, O2Sat, HCT) were evaluated from blood samples taken from both groups. The second derivation, durations and amplitudes of the P and T waves, the durations and amplitudes of the QRS complex, and the durations of PQ and QT intervals were evaluated on the ECGs recorded before anesthesia, after induction and during anesthesia. Following anesthesia termination, the extubation time and the time it took for straightening of the head and standing up were recorded. Decrease in heart rate and body temperature were found significant in two of the groups. Decrease in respiratory rate compared to initial values after premedication was statistically significant for both groups. However, during anesthesia, an increase occurred. This incresae in respiration rate was not statistically significant compared to initial values. The incease in the values of pCO2, pO2, HCO3 and the decrease in the values of pH and Hct comparing the initial values was found statistically significant in both groups.Discussion: In ruminants, isoflurane has an induction concentration of 3-5% and an anesthetic concentration of 1.5-3%, while sevoflurane has an induction concentration of 4-6% and an anesthetic concentration of 2.5-4%. In this study, the concentration of isoflurane was 2.3% (2-5) and the of sevoflurane was 4.07% (3-5) for surgery. In the isoflurane group, extubation, straightening of the head and standing up times were 12.40 ± 3.77 min, 20.4 ± 1.57 min, and 30.80 ± 1.89 min, respectively. In the sevoflurane group, extubation, straightening of the head and standing up times were 13.40 ± 4.99, 19.2 ± 1.49, and 28.0 ± 1.83 min, respectively. Although the calves in the isoflurane group were extubated earlier than those of the sevoflurane group, the time elapsed for straightening of the head and standing up were longer than that of the sevoflurane group. The anesthesia protocol provided a smooth anesthetic administration, general anesthesia and awakening. In conclusion, the effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia on the cardiovascular and respiratory system were similar, and although the changes that emerged during anesthesia were statistically significant, it was nonetheless found that the changes were within the physiological limits

The research on inheritance of yield and yield components of 8x8 half diallel corn hybrids among corn inbred lines

Yüksek Lisans TeziBu araştırma, mısırda farklı olum grubundaki sekiz kendilenmiş hattının (CG-10, CM-105, A-251, W-182-B, B-75, A-239, ADK-451 ve ADK-455) diallel melezi ile elde edilen 28 F1 kombinasyonlarında diallel analiz yöntemleri uygulanarak, genotiplerin genetik yapılarını tanımak, uygun anaç ve ümitli kombinasyonları seçmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Genotipler (F1 kombinasyonları ve kendilenmiş hatlar) tesadüf blokları deneme deseninde üç tekrarlamalı olarak test edilmiştir. Yapılan istatistiki analizler populasyonlarda araştırılan özellikler (çiçeklenme gün sayısı, bitki boyu, koçanda sıra sayısı, bin tane ağırlığı ve tane verimi) bakımından önemli varyasyon olduğunu göstermiştir. Genel (GKY) ve özel kombinasyon yeteneği (ÖKY) varyansları incelenen özelliklerin tümünde önemli bulunmuştur. İncelenen tüm özellikler için F1 kombinasyonunda önemli eklemeli ve dominant gen etkileri tahmin edilmiştir. Sırada tane sayısı dışındaki tüm özelliklerde eklemeli gen etkisi dominant gen etkisinden daha büyüktür. Çiçeklenme gün sayısı, koçanda sıra sayısı ve sırada tane sayısı özelliklerinde fenotipik varyansın oluşumunda çevre varyansının (E) katkısı önemsiz, diğer özellikler de ise önemli bulunmuştur. 28 F1 kombinasyonunda belirlenen heterosis değerleri çiçeklenme gün sayısı ile koçanda sıra sayısında dört kombinasyon dışında tümünde pozitif yönde önemli bulunmuştur. En yüksek heterosis ve heterobelthiosise % 151,8 ve % 148,7 ile tane veriminde rastlanmıştır. En yüksek ortalama heterosis ve heterobelthiosis oranı % 96,5 ve % 79,4 değeri ile yine tane veriminde saptanmıştır. Koçanda sıra sayısı özelliğinde bazı melezler heterobelthiosis göstermemiştir. Çiçeklenme gün sayısı için erkenci CG-10 ve CM-105 ile geççi ADK-451 ve ADK-455; bitki boyu için A-251 ve B-75; koçanda sıra sayısı için CG-10 ve ADK-451; sırada tane sayısı için B-75, ADK-451 ve ADK-455; bin tane ağırlığı için CM-105, B-75, ADK-451 ve ADK-455 ve tane verimi için CM-105, A-251 ve B-75, ADK-455 kendilenmiş hatları en uygun anaç izlenimini vermiştir. ADK-451 x ADK-455 geççi ve B-75 x ADK- 451 ile B-75 x A-239 orta-geççi, A-251 x ADK-455, A-251 x B-75 ile W-182-B x ADK-455 orta-erkenci, CG-10 x CM-105 erkenci kombinasyonları çalışmalarda ağırlık verilebilecek ümitli melezler olarak saptanmıştır.This study was conducted in order to select superior parents and hyrids in 28 F1 corn hybrids obtained from eight inbred lines (CG-10, CM-105, A-251, W-182-B, B-75, A- 239, ADK-451 ve ADK-455), and to idendify genetic structures of these material in a half diallel scheme. Genotypes (F1 hybrids and inbred lines) were tested in randomized block design with three replicates. Statistical analyses showed that all traits (number of days to tasseling, plant height, ear height, ear length, ear diameter, number of lines per ear, number of kernels per line, thousand kernel weight and garin yield) exhibited significant variation. Genotypes showed significance for all traits, which was tested for GCA (General combining ability) and SCA (Specific combining ability). Additive and dominant gen effects were estimated in hybrids for all traits. The additive effect was larger than dominant effects for all traits except number of lines pere ear. Heterosis values of progenies for number of days to tasseling and number of lines per ear determined in 8x8 half diallel were found positive in all cross combinations except combinations 1x7, 3x6, 5x8 and 6x7. The highest heterosis as 166.67 % in combination 2x4 for ear height and as 151.82 % in combination 5x6 were estimated. Average heterosis rate (96.48 %) of grain yield was found the highest among all traits. Contribution of Environmental effect to total phenotypic variance was not significant for number of days to tasseling, number of lines per ear and number of kernels per line, but was significant for other traits. Heterosis for number of days to tasseling and number of lines pere ar in 28 F1 hybrids was estimated pozitive in all combination with the exception of four hybrids. The highest heterosis and heterobeltiyosis for grain yield were found as 151.8 % and 148.7 %, respectively. Grain yield also showed the average highest heterosis and heterobeltiyosis as 96.5 % and 79.41 %, respectively. Number of lines pere ear showed significant heterobeltiyosis in some cross combinations. Inbred lines CG-10 and CM-105 for early number of days to tasseling, ADK 451 and ADK 455 for late number of days to tasseling were found promising. Also lines A- 251 and B-75 for plant height, CG-10 and ADK 451 for number of lines per ear, B-75, ADK 451 and ADK-455 for number of kernels per line, CM-105, B-75, ADK-451 and ADK-455 for hundred seed weight, and CM-105, A-251, B-75 and ADK-455 for grain yield were found suitable parents. The promising hybrids were determined as ADK-451 x ADK-455 late, B-75 x ADK-451 with B-75 x A-239 (5x6) mid-late, A-251 x ADK- 455, A-251 x ADK-455 with W-182-B x ADK-455 mid-early, and GC-10 x CM-105

DEVELOPMENT OF DOUBLED HAPLOID MAIZE LINES BY USING IN VIVO HAPLOID TECHNIQUE

Katlanmış haploid (KH) teknolojisi son yıllarda gelişmiş ıslah programlarında yaygın olarak kullanılan bir araç haline gelmiştir. In vivo haploid indirgemenin mısır da paternal (androgenetic) ve maternal (gynogenetic) haploidler olarak bilinen iki metodu vardır. Bu çalışmada maternal haploid indirgeme metodu uygulanmıştır. RWS, RWK-76, RWS x RWK-76 ve WS14 indirgeyici materyalleri tozlayıcı olarak kullanılmıştır. Mısır Araştırma Enstitüsünde 2010-2013 yılları arasında yürütülen çalışmada 30 tek melez kaynak materyal olarak kullanılmıştır. Kaynak materyaller FAO 650-700 olum grubundadır. Kaynak materyal ile indirgeyici genotipler arasında yapılan indükleme melezlemesinden 15911 adet tohum elde edilmiştir. R1-nj renk markörü dikkate alınarak seleksiyon yapılmış ve 3012 adet haploid kabul edilen tohum seçilmiştir. Yönteme göre her bir indirgeyici hattın Sakarya koşullarında haploid indükleme oranı (HİO) belirlenmiştir. En yüksek HİO, RWK-76 indirgeyici hattında %20.42 bulunmuştur. En düşük HİO ise WS14 hattında %17.75 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Haploid embriyoya sahip tohumlar 23 oC’de karanlıkta iklim odasında çimlendirilmiştir. Çimlendirilmiş materyalde koleoptil ve kök kısaltılmıştır. Kromozom katlaması için %0.06 colchicine+%0.5 dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) çözeltisi 20 oC’de 12 saat uygulanmıştır. Daha sonra su ile yıkanarak viyollere dikimi yapılmıştır. KH0 bitkileri 3-4 yapraklı olana kadar iklim odasında büyütülmüştür. Tarlaya dikimi yapılan KH0 bitkilerinde çiçeklenme döneminde fertil olanlarda kendileme yapılmıştır. Haploid kabul edilen 3012 tohumdan çimlendirme ve kromozom katlaması sonrası tarlaya dikilen 2178 fideden %89’u canlı bitki, canlı bitkilerin %57’si fertil bitki, fertil bitkilerin %31.23’ü kendileme yapılabilecek bitki ve kendileme yapılan bitkilerden %7.8’i kendileme yapılarak tohum alınan bitki olmuştur. Tez çalışması sonucunda 27 adet katlanmış haploid hat elde edilmiştir.The double haploid (DH) technology has become widely used tool of modern maize breeding programs in recent years. There are two methods in vivo haploid induction in maize which are paternal (androgenetic) haploid and maternal (gynogenetic) haploid induction. In this study, the maternal haploid induction method was applied. RWS, RWK-76, RWS x RWK-76 and WS14 inducer genotypes were used as pollinator. This study was conducted through 2010-2013 years and 30 single cross were used as source material. The source materials are in 650-700 FAO maturity groups. Seeds of 15911 number were obtained by crossing inducer lines with source materials. Putative haploid seeds of 3012 number were selected as using R1-nj coloration marker gene. According to the method, haploid induction rate (HIR) was determined in each inducer line on Sakarya location. Highest HIR were established as 20.42% in RWK-76 inducer line. The lowest HIR was calculated as 17.75% in the WS14. Putative haploid seeds were germinated at 23 °C in a growth chamber. Coleoptile and root of seedlings were reduced and treated with 0.06% colchicine+0.5% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solution for 12 hours at 20 °C to seedlings. Seedlings were planted viols after washing with water and DH0 plants were grown untill reaching 3-4 leaves in growth chamber. Following planting in the field, inbreeding were conducted for the fertile DH0 plants during the flowering period. Seedling of 2178 was formed from putative haploid seeds of 3012 numbers. Live plants were from 89% of 2178 seedlings which are planted the field. Fertile plants were formed 57% of live plants. Inbreeding were able to made on 31.23% of fertile plants and seeds have been taken from 7.8% of inbreeding plants. At the end of the study, 27 doubled haploid lines were obtained

Heterotic and heritability pattern of grain yield and related traits in doubled haploid f1 hybrids of maize (Zea mays L.)

In this study, fifteen cross combinations evolved from five doubled haploid maize lines, and three open-pollinated varieties used as testers were evaluated for broad-sense heritability, narrow-sense heritability, heterosis, and heterobeltiosis values during 2017-18. The broad-sense heritability and narrow-sense heritability recorded higher for all the studied traits. Higher broad-sense heritability was recorded for grains per cob (99.6%), grain yield per plant (98.8%), cob length (98.2%), and kernels per cob row (98.1%). Higher narrow-sense heritability was foundin grain yield per plant (87.7%), cob height (79.8%), kernel per cob row (79.5%), cob diameter (68.7%) and grains per cob (66.1%). Most of the crosses exhibited very high values of heterosis and heterobeltiosis and ranged from -0.01 to 37.3 % percent for grain yield. The F1 hybrids, L1×T1, L1×T2, L1×T3, L2×T2, L4×T1, L4×T2, L5×T1, L5×T2, L5×T3, L2×T3, L3×T3, and L5×T3 were shown to be the best with very good heterosis and heterobeltiosis values for most of the grain yield-related traits. Heterosis and heritability analysis indicated that these doubledhaploid lines evolved from a very narrow genetic source (single cross F1 hybrid) showed a great potential toward improvement in grain yield and its related traits. It is recommended that instead of crossing them with low yielding open-pollinated varieties as testers these lines must be crossed in diallel mating designfor further revealing their potential toward grain yield and its related traits

Comparison of Clinical and Hemodynamic Effects of Isoflurane and Sevoflurane Anesthesia in Calves

Background: Inhalation anesthesia is the preferred method for use on many animal species, including ruminants, due to its superiority over the injectable anesthetics. The most commonly used inhalation anesthetics are isoflurane and sevoflurane The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia on the cardiovascular system of calves.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 20 calves (11 male, 9 female) between 1 and 6 months in age and 50 to 85 kg in body weight were used. The calves were divided randomly into two groups of 10 each, with one group being administered isoflurane and the other sevoflurane. An intramuscular dosage of 0.1 mg/kg of xylazine was administered to the calves as premedication. Induction was performed 10 min after calves were given an intramuscular dosage of 4 mg/kg of ketamine. Inhalation anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane or sevoflurane in 100% oxygen saturation. Before anesthesia, after induction and at intervals of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, and 60 min of anesthesia, the body temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate of the calves were recorded. Additionally, before anesthesia, after induction and at intervals of 15, 30, 45, and 60 min of anesthesia, serum electrolyte (Na+, Ca++, K+, Mg++) and blood gases (pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO3-, TCO2, O2Sat, HCT) were evaluated from blood samples taken from both groups. The second derivation, durations and amplitudes of the P and T waves, the durations and amplitudes of the QRS complex, and the durations of PQ and QT intervals were evaluated on the ECGs recorded before anesthesia, after induction and during anesthesia. Following anesthesia termination, the extubation time and the time it took for straightening of the head and standing up were recorded. Decrease in heart rate and body temperature were found significant in two of the groups. Decrease in respiratory rate compared to initial values after premedication was statistically significant for both groups. However, during anesthesia, an increase occurred. This incresae in respiration rate was not statistically significant compared to initial values. The incease in the values of pCO2, pO2, HCO3 and the decrease in the values of pH and Hct comparing the initial values was found statistically significant in both groups.Discussion: In ruminants, isoflurane has an induction concentration of 3-5% and an anesthetic concentration of 1.5-3%, while sevoflurane has an induction concentration of 4-6% and an anesthetic concentration of 2.5-4%. In this study, the concentration of isoflurane was 2.3% (2-5) and the of sevoflurane was 4.07% (3-5) for surgery. In the isoflurane group, extubation, straightening of the head and standing up times were 12.40 ± 3.77 min, 20.4 ± 1.57 min, and 30.80 ± 1.89 min, respectively. In the sevoflurane group, extubation, straightening of the head and standing up times were 13.40 ± 4.99, 19.2 ± 1.49, and 28.0 ± 1.83 min, respectively. Although the calves in the isoflurane group were extubated earlier than those of the sevoflurane group, the time elapsed for straightening of the head and standing up were longer than that of the sevoflurane group. The anesthesia protocol provided a smooth anesthetic administration, general anesthesia and awakening. In conclusion, the effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia on the cardiovascular and respiratory system were similar, and although the changes that emerged during anesthesia were statistically significant, it was nonetheless found that the changes were within the physiological limits