688 research outputs found
Nanosieves Fabricated By Interference Lithography And Electroforming
Self-sustaining Nickel membranes with periodic and regular distribution of pores, in the scale of hundred of nanometers, were produced by interference lithography and electroplating. The process consists in the recording of submicrometric 2D periodic photoresist columns, on a metal-coated glass substrate, using the double exposure of an interference fringe pattern. As the photoresist is a good electrical isolator, when the sample is immersed in a Ni electroplating bath, the array of photoresist columns impedes the Nickel deposition in the patterned areas. A nickel film is then growth among the photoresist columns with a thickness up to 80 % of the height of the columns. In order to release the submicrometric membrane from the substrate, a thick hexagonal Nickel sustaining structure is electroformed, using conventional photolithography. The dimensions of the sustaining structure can be adapted in order to fulfill the pressure requirements of the filtration system. The good uniformity of the pore sizes as well as the smooth of the surface make such devices very interesting for separation of particles by size in filtration systems.6037Sard Ghayeni, S.B., Beatson, P.J., Fane, A.J., Schneider, R.P., Bacterial passage through microfiltration membranes in wastewater applications (1999) J. Membr. Sci., 153, pp. 71-82(2002) Life Science CatalogueCalvo, J.I., Hernandez, A., Pradanos, P., Martinez, L., Bowen, W.R., Pore size distribution in microporous membranes, II bulk characterization of track-etched filters by air porometry and mercury prosimetry (1995) Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 176, pp. 467-478Han, K., Xu, W., Ruiz, A., Ruchhoeft, P., Chellam, S., Fabrication and characterization of polymeric microfiltration membranes using aperture array lithography (2005) J. Membr. Sci., 249, pp. 193-206Kuiper, S., Van Wolferen, H., Van Rijn, C., Nijdam, W., Krijnem, G., Elwenspoek, M., Fabrication of microsieves with sub-micron pore size by laser interference lithography (2001) Journal, of Micromehcanics and Microengineering, 11, pp. 33-37Van Rijn, C.J.M., Veldhuis, G.J., Kuiper, S., Nanosieves with microsystem tecnology for microfiltration applications (1998) Nanotechnology, 9, pp. 343-345Kuiper, S., Boer, M.D., Van Rijn, C., Nijdarh, W., Krijnen, G., Elwenspoek, M., Wet and dry etching techniques for the release of sub-micrometre perforated membranes (2000) Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 10, pp. 171-174Gutierrez-Rivera, L.E., De Carvalho, E.J., Suva, M.A., Cescato, L., Metallic submicrometric sieves fabricated by interferometric litography and electroforming (2005) Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 15, pp. 1932-1937Griffiths, S.K., Nilson, R.H., Hruby, J.M., (1996) Modeling Electrodeposition for LIGA Microdevice Fabrication, , http://www.ca.sandia.gov/liga/process_archives.html, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CaliforniaFrejlich, J., Cescato, L., Mendes, G.F., Analysis of an active stabilization system for an holographic setup (1998) Appl. Opt., 27, pp. 1967-1976Zaidi, H.S., Brueck, S.R.J., Multiple-exposure interferometric lithography (1993) J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 11, pp. 658-666Mello, B.A., Costa, I.F., Lima, C.R.A., Cescato, L., Developed profile of holographically exposed photoresist gratings (1995) Applied Optics, 34, pp. 597-603Mack, C.A., Development of positive photoresists (1987) J. Electrochem. Soc., 134, pp. 148-152Spiro, P., (1971) Electroforming: A Comprehensive Survey of Theory, Practice and Commercial Applications2th Edition, , Robert Draper LTDKuiper, S., Van Rijn, C.J., Nijdam, W., Elwenspoek, M.C., Development and applications of very high flux microfiltration membranes (1998) Journal of Membrane Science, 150, pp. 1-8www.mediacy.co
Aspectos citológicos da diferenciação de tecidos de cafeeiro cultivado "in vitro"
Callus was established from leaves and shoots of Coffea arabica L. on nutrient medium with various levels of auxins and kinetin. Morphogenesis is controllable in such callus tissues by manipulation of the growth factor levels in the media. The study shows that callus culture obtained from leaves are in different states of differentiation, i.e., although the calluses were similar in appearence, their morphogenetical potential was different. The cells in culture show a great range of growth and form, and that form and behaviour of such cells do not correspond with recognized cell types in normal plant tissues or meristems. Proembryoids and vascularization (Fig. 1), giant cells (Fig. 4) and other patterns of cell differentiation (Figs. 2 and 3) were observed. The initiation of an organized system is probably dependent upon some rather specific environmental conditions. The extent to which certain specific types of differentiation are concomitant would seem to be a reflection of the extent to which common factors are involved. Thus, in this type of change, casuality of the nuclear change to the other changes would be unlikely.O cultivo de explantes de folha de cafeeiro enriquecidos com hormĂŽnios mostrou que a partir de tecidos diferenciados ocorre uma desdiferenciação. Essa desdiferenciação alcança diferentes nĂveis devido, provavelmente, a fatores ambientais, e nĂŁo genĂ©ticos. Observou-se nos calos obtidos uma variação nos padrĂ”es de diferenciação celular. Pro-embriĂłides e vascularização (Fig. 1), cĂ©lulas gigantes (Fig. 4) e outros padrĂ”es de diferenciação (Figs. 2 e 3) foram observados. As cĂ©lulas em cultura diferenciaram-se sem perder as potencialidades genĂ©ticas iniciais do embriĂŁo, do qual derivaram; mudanças ambientais e nos mecanismos de regulação gĂȘnica sĂŁo responsĂĄveis pela variação fenotĂpica observada. Explantes de caules de cafĂ© produziram calos que diferenciaram-se em raiz e em parte aĂ©rea (Fig. 6) chegando-se a obter uma diferenciação atĂ© 3 pares de folhas. Discutem-se neste trabalho, vĂĄrios aspectos relacionados com morfogĂȘnese e interaçÔes gĂȘnico-ambientais
Identification of Linearized RMS-Voltage Dip Patterns Based on Clustering in Renewable Plants
[EN] Generation units connected to the grid are currently required to meet low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) requirements. In most developed countries, these requirements also apply to renewable sources, mainly wind power plants and photovoltaic installations connected to the grid. This study proposes an alternative characterisation solution to classify and visualise a large number of collected events in light of current limits and requirements. The authors' approach is based on linearised root-mean-square-(RMS)-voltage trajectories, taking into account LRVT requirements, and a clustering process to identify the most likely pattern trajectories. The proposed solution gives extensive information on an event's severity by providing a simple but complete visualisation of the linearised RMS-voltage patterns. In addition, these patterns are compared to current LVRT requirements to determine similarities or discrepancies. A large number of collected events can then be automatically classified and visualised for comparative purposes. Real disturbances collected from renewable sources in Spain are used to assess the proposed solution. Extensive results and discussions are also included in this study.The authors thank the financial support from the 'Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad' (Spain) and the European Union - ENE2016-78214-C2-2-R, Fulbright/Spanish Ministry of Education Visiting Scholar - PRX14/00694. This work was also supported by the US Department of Energy under contract no. DE-AC36-08-GO28308 with the National Renewable Energy LaboratoryGarcĂa-SĂĄnchez, TM.; GĂłmez-LĂĄzaro, E.; Muljadi, E.; Kessler, M.; Muñoz-Benavente, I.; Molina-GarcĂa, A. (2018). Identification of Linearized RMS-Voltage Dip Patterns Based on Clustering in Renewable Plants. IET Generation Transmission & Distribution. 12(6):1256-1262. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2017.0474S12561262126Craciun B. Kerekes T. 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The potential impacts of grid-connected distributed generation and how to address them: A review of technical and non-technical factors. Energy Policy, 39(10), 6280-6290. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2011.07.027Sangroniz N. Mora J.A. Teixeira M.D.: âReview of international grid codes for wind generationâ 2009âGlobal Market Outlook for Photovoltaics Until 2016â. Technical Report European Photovoltaic Industry Association 2012. Available atwww.epia.orgKim S. Bollen M.: âTowards the development of a set of grid code requirements for wind farms: transient reactive power requirementsâ. Technical Report Available as Elforsk Report 13â:â04. Part 3 Report of Vindforsk Project Vâ369 Vindforsk III January2013Tsili, M., & Papathanassiou, S. (2009). A review of grid code technical requirements for wind farms. IET Renewable Power Generation, 3(3), 308. doi:10.1049/iet-rpg.2008.0070Hossain, J., & Mahmud, A. (Eds.). (2014). Renewable Energy Integration. 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Feeding strategies and energy to protein ratio on tambaqui performance and physiology
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of feed deprivation and refeeding with diets containing different energy to protein ratios (E/P) on the performance and physiology of juvenile tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). A 4x2 factorial arrangement with three replicates was used, with four E/P ratios (11.5, 10.5, 9.5, and 8.5 kcal g-1 digestible energy per protein) and two feeding regimens (with and without deprivation), during 60 days. Fish from the food-deprived group were fasted for 14 days and refed from the fifteenth to the sixtieth day, whereas the remaining fish were fed for 60 days. At the end of the experimental period, weight of fish subjected to food deprivation was lower than that of those continuously fed; however, this condition did not influence the physiological parameters analyzed. Tambaqui fed 11.5 kcal g-1 achieved lower final weight than those fed with the other diets, in both regimens. Among the physiological parameters, only plasma protein presented significant increase in fish fed 8.5 kcal g-1, in both feeding regimens, probably due to the higher dietary protein concentration. These results indicate that fish show a partial compensatory growth, and that 10.5 kcal g-1 can be recommended for the diet of juvenile tambaqui
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