UM INIMIGO CHAMADO CORONAVÍRUS/COVID-19: ANÁLISE DE NOTÍCIAS NA PERSPECTIVA DOS MCIs METAFÓRICOS

Este artigo se propôs a analisar, através de expressões linguísticas metafóricas, como são categorizados os termos coronavírus/Covid-19, em manchetes de notícias, na perspectiva dos Modelos Cognitivos Idealizados (MCIs) metafóricos. Como referencial teórico, utilizamos a Teoria da Metáfora Conceptual aventada por Lakoff e Johnson (2002 [1980]), os Modelos Cognitivos Idealizados de Lakoff (1987) e as contribuições de Feltes (2007). O corpus analisado é constituído de manchetes de notícias extraídas dos sites de dois jornais: Folha de São Paulo e O Globo. É importante destacar que não recorremos ao corpo da notícia, mas às expressões linguísticas atualizadoras que foram extraídas exclusivamente do título que compõe a notícia. Justificamos a relevância deste artigo acadêmico na área da Semântica Cognitiva, uma vez que trazemos novos dados sobre o fenômeno da metáfora conceptual em um tema atual, demonstrando que pensamos e interpretamos os assuntos do dia a dia de maneira metafórica, ao contrário do que pregavam os estudos clássicos. A análise dos dados revelou que a metáfora CORONAVÍRUS/COVID-19 É INIMIGO foi amplamente atualizada por expressões linguísticas para descrever, metaforicamente, várias ações no domínio experiencial GUERRA. Nesse sentido, verificamos que os termos coronavírus/covid-19 foram categorizados metaforicamente como um inimigo em potencial que motiva, discursivamente, o leitor a adotar “estratégias de guerra” como se proteger, combater, conter, enfrentar, etc. Dessa maneira, constatamos, metaforicamente, a criação de um espaço de combate ou luta nas manchetes de notícias analisadas, que sugerem a criação de estratégias para vencer e/ou combater o coronavírus/Covid-19.Referências:BARRETO, D. R. S. Conceitualização de educação à luz da teoria dos modelos cognitivos idealizados: percorrendo veredas entre mente e linguagem dos alunos da educação básica. 2011, 141 p. Dissertação (Mestrado em Linguística). Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2011.CARVALHO, S. R. P. de. As metáforas conceptuais nas homilias do Papa Francisco. 2017, 80p. Dissertação (Mestrado em Linguística). Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, 2017.FELTES, Heloísa Pedroso de Moraes. Semântica Cognitiva: ilhas, pontes e teias. Porto Alegre: Edipucrs, 2007.FERRARI, Lilian. Introdução à Linguística Cognitiva. São Paulo: Contexto, 2011.FOLHA DE SÃO PAULO. Disponível em: <https://www.folha.uol.com.br/> Acesso em: jul.- ago. 2020. GUIA DO ESTUDANTE. Disponível em: <https://guiadoestudante.abril.com.br/estudo/qual-e-a-diferenca-entre-coronavirus-covid-19-e-sars-cov-2-entenda/> Acesso em: 2 jul. 2020.LAKOFF, G. Women, Fire and Dangerous Things: What categories reveal about the mind. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1987.LAKOFF, G.; JOHNSON, M. Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.LAKOFF, G.; JOHNSON, M. Metáforas da vida cotidiana. (Coordenação da tradução Mara Sophia Zanotto) Campinas, SP: Mercado de Letras; São Paulo: EDU, 2002 [1980].MINISTÉRIO DA SAÚDE. Disponível em: <https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/campanhas-da-saude/2020> Acesso em: 2 jul. 2020.O GLOBO. Disponível em: <https://oglobo.globo.com/> Acesso em: jul.- ago. 2020. SARDINHA, T. B. Metáfora. São Paulo: Parábola, 2007.Recebido em 30-10-2020Revisões requeridas em 24-11-2020Aceito em 13-12-2020

Surgical aortic valve replacement and patient-prosthesis mismatch a meta-analysis of 108 182 patients

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to evaluate the impact of patient–prosthesis mismatch (PPM) on the risk of perioperative, early-, mid- and long-term mortality rates after surgical aortic valve replacement. METHODS: Databases were searched for studies published until March 2018. The main outcomes of interest were perioperative mortality, 1-year mortality, 5-year mortality and 10-year mortality. RESULTS: The search yielded 3761 studies for inclusion. Of these, 70 articles were analysed, and their data were extracted. The total num- ber of patients included was 108 182 who underwent surgical aortic valve replacement. The incidence of PPM after surgical aortic valve re- placement was 53.7% (58 116 with PPM and 50 066 without PPM). Perioperative mortality [odds ratio (OR) 1.491, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.302–1.707; P < 0.001], 1-year mortality (OR 1.465, 95% CI 1.277–1.681; P < 0.001), 5-year mortality (OR 1.358, 95% CI 1.218–1.515; P < 0.001) and 10-year mortality (OR 1.534, 95% CI 1.290–1.825; P < 0.001) were increased in patients with PPM. Both severe PPM and moderate PPM were associated with increased risk of perioperative mortality, 1-year mortality, 5-year mortality and 10-year mortality when analysed together and separately, although we observed a higher risk in the group with severe PPM. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate/severe PPM increases perioperative, early-, mid- and long-term mortality rates proportionally to its severity. The findings of this study support the implementation of surgical strategies to prevent PPM in order to decrease mortality rates

DAS SALAS DE AULA ÀS TELAS: A DOCÊNCIA EM REPORTAGENS DA MÍDIA DIGITAL DURANTE A PANDEMIA DE COVID-19

Este artigo apresenta problematizações construídas a partir de uma pesquisa sobre os significados da docência em reportagens da mídia digital durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Fundamenta-se nos Estudos Culturais, em específico nas análises de inspiração Pós-Estruturalista, compreendendo o significado como cultural e socialmente produzido e a mídia como instância produtora de formas de comunicar e de sujeitos. A pesquisa foi operacionalizada a partir da busca on-line de notícias sobre professores(as) e ensino remoto, publicadas na internet entre junho e setembro de 2020. O exercício analítico empreendido levou à identificação de recorrências nos modos de significar a docência durante a pandemia, com destaque para a caracterização da atividade docente, realizada de forma emergencial e improvisada, como um exercício de reinvenção da identidade profissional e a representação da docência em tempos de distanciamento social a partir da ênfase no amor e no afeto

Randomized Clinical Trials and Observational Tribulations: Providing Clinical Evidence for Personalized Surgical Pain Management Care Models

Proving clinical superiority of personalized care models in interventional and surgical pain management is challenging. The apparent difficulties may arise from the inability to standardize complex surgical procedures that often involve multiple steps. Ensuring the surgery is performed the same way every time is nearly impossible. Confounding factors, such as the variability of the patient population and selection bias regarding comorbidities and anatomical variations are also difficult to control for. Small sample sizes in study groups comparing iterations of a surgical protocol may amplify bias. It is essentially impossible to conceal the surgical treatment from the surgeon and the operating team. Restrictive inclusion and exclusion criteria may distort the study population to no longer reflect patients seen in daily practice. Hindsight bias is introduced by the inability to effectively blind patient group allocation, which affects clinical result interpretation, particularly if the outcome is already known to the investigators when the outcome analysis is performed (often a long time after the intervention). Randomization is equally problematic, as many patients want to avoid being randomly assigned to a study group, particularly if they perceive their surgeon to be unsure of which treatment will likely render the best clinical outcome for them. Ethical concerns may also exist if the study involves additional and unnecessary risks. Lastly, surgical trials are costly, especially if the tested interventions are complex and require long-term follow-up to assess their benefit. Traditional clinical testing of personalized surgical pain management treatments may be more challenging because individualized solutions tailored to each patient’s pain generator can vary extensively. However, high-grade evidence is needed to prompt a protocol change and break with traditional image-based criteria for treatment. In this article, the authors review issues in surgical trials and offer practical solutions

The Changing Environment in Postgraduate Education in Orthopedic Surgery and Neurosurgery and Its Impact on Technology-Driven Targeted Interventional and Surgical Pain Management : Perspectives from Europe, Latin America, Asia, and The United States

Personalized care models are dominating modern medicine. These models are rooted in teaching future physicians the skill set to keep up with innovation. In orthopedic surgery and neurosurgery, education is increasingly influenced by augmented reality, simulation, navigation, robotics, and in some cases, artificial intelligence. The postpandemic learning environment has also changed, emphasizing online learning and skill- and competency-based teaching models incorporating clinical and bench-top research. Attempts to improve work–life balance and minimize physician burnout have led to work-hour restrictions in postgraduate training programs. These restrictions have made it particularly challenging for orthopedic and neurosurgery residents to acquire the knowledge and skill set to meet the requirements for certification. The fast-paced flow of information and the rapid implementation of innovation require higher efficiencies in the modern postgraduate training environment. However, what is taught typically lags several years behind. Examples include minimally invasive tissue-sparing techniques through tubular small-bladed retractor systems, robotic and navigation, endoscopic, patient-specific implants made possible by advances in imaging technology and 3D printing, and regenerative strategies. Currently, the traditional roles of mentee and mentor are being redefined. The future orthopedic surgeons and neurosurgeons involved in personalized surgical pain management will need to be versed in several disciplines ranging from bioengineering, basic research, computer, social and health sciences, clinical study, trial design, public health policy development, and economic accountability. Solutions to the fast-paced innovation cycle in orthopedic surgery and neurosurgery include adaptive learning skills to seize opportunities for innovation with execution and implementation by facilitating translational research and clinical program development across traditional boundaries between clinical and nonclinical specialties. Preparing the future generation of surgeons to have the aptitude to keep up with the rapid technological advances is challenging for postgraduate residency programs and accreditation agencies. However, implementing clinical protocol change when the entrepreneur–investigator surgeon substantiates it with high-grade clinical evidence is at the heart of personalized surgical pain management

How can we reduce maternal mortality due to preeclampsia? The 4P rule

Abstract In low and middle-income countries such as Brazil, most maternal deaths are related to hypertensive complications. Preeclampsia is the leading cause of maternal mortality and morbidity. Significant proportion is associated with the following factors: lack of identification of high-risk women, lack of adequate prevention, difficulty in maintaining a high-risk prenatal follow-up, delayed diagnosis, insecurity and low use of magnesium sulphate, delayed pregnancy interruption and lack of postpartum follow-up of these high-risk cases. Four major actions are proposed to minimize this alarming clinical picture and reduce the mortality rates due to preeclampsia, called the "4 P Rule" (Adequate Prevention – Vigilant Prenatal Care – Timely Delivery (Parturition) – Safe Postpartum). From this simple "rule" we can open a range of important processes and reminders that may help in the guidance of preeclampsia management

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio