Globalização e trabalho: perspectiva comparativa entre Norte e Sul.

Comparaison Nord-Sud; Mondialisation;

ENTRE A MEMÓRIA E O MERCADO O DESENVOLVIMENTO DA EMPRESA DE PORTE MÉDIO NO BRASIL

Apresentamos neste artigo uma análise sintética de três estudos de caso de empresas de porte médio – devidro, de móveis e de vinho – em territórios em que a migração italiana deixou rastros que sugerem superaro sentido contrastivo atribuído à força das tradições frente ao atual espírito de concorrência no meioempresarial. A tese que apresentamos e buscamos comprovar é a de que, nos casos analisados, não hácontradição entre tradição e modernidade econômica. Fortalecidos pelas análises da ampliação doempresariado dos estratos médios, os estudos sugerem reconhecer que os vínculos socioeconômicos possibilitamvislumbrar um dinamismo das empresas de porte médio. O estudo enfatiza como primeiro tópico oterritório local, que acolhe as empresas por ser o reservatório de memórias que continua ressaltando atradição dos fundadores. Sucessivamente, delineamos três trajetórias de famílias de origem italiana quedinamizam o atual desenvolvimento industrial em três cidades: o mecanismos da memória aliada àmobilização de mercado assinalam um processo explícito e programado, orientado a proporcionar umaalquimia que valorize os recursos materiais e culturais disponíveis no tecido social. As empresas familiaresestudadas parecem ter conseguido conquistar sua permanência no mercado industrial competitivo graçasa um modelo de crescimento, que não rompe com as heranças de seu passado

As Empresas em Sociedades Contemporâneas: A Responsabilidade Social no Norte e no Sul

Neste artigo a difusão do lema da responsabilidade social é resgatada pela analise de três percursos internacionais: EUA, Brasil e União Européia. No primeiro caso, a vasta literatura sociológica americana relata as preocupações e as pressões de diferentes atores sociais dirigidas às empresas americanas, ao longo dos anos 1960. No Brasil, as primeiras elaborações provêm de ass ociações empresariais nos meados dos anos 60 e se ampliam justo quando a sociedade, no fim dos anos 1990, demanda prosseguir na direção a integrar o compromisso da aplicação das normas e direitos do trabalho. Na União Européia, o lema da responsabilidade social é introduzido nos finais dos anos 1990 envolvendo o compromisso de fazer retroagir a alta taxa de desemprego estrutural. Na última seção, a análise comparativa internacional sugere recompor o quadro dos diversos conteúdos da responsabilidade social a partir da grande questão que está em debate nas sociedades: recompor o compromisso de fortalecimento do vínculo de emprego como fonte de cidadania social. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: responsabilidade social, empresas, empresas na sociedade, Brasil e empresas, cultura empresarial. BUSINESSES IN CONTEMPORARY SOCIETIES. THE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY NORTH AND SOUTH Paola Cappellin Raquel Giffoni In this paper the diffusion of the slogan of social responsibility is rescued by the analysis of three international trajectories: USA, Brazil and European Union. In the first case, the vast sociological literature American tells the concerns and the different social actors’ pressures on the American businesses, during the 1960’s. In Brazil, the first elaborations come from business associations in the middle of the sixties and are enlarged exactly when the society, at the end of the 1990’s, demand to continue in a direction to integrate the commitment of the application of labor norms and rights. In the European Union, the slogan of social responsibility is introduced in the end of the 1990’s involving the commitment of turning around the high tax of structural unemployment. In the last section, the international comparative analysis suggests a recomposition of the framework of several contents of social responsibility starting from the great issue that is in debate in the societies: to recompose the commitment of invigoration of the job bond as source of social citizenship. KEYWORDS: social responsibility, businesses, businesses in the society, Brazil and businesses, business culture. LES ENTREPRISES DANS LES SOCIÉTÉS CONTEMPORAINES. LA RESPONSABILITÉ SOCIALE DANS LE NORD ET DANS LE SUD Paola Cappellin Raquel Giffoni On retrouve, dans cet article, la diffusion du thème de la responsabilité sociale grâce à la reprise de l’analyse de trois évolutions internationales: les Etats-Unis, le Brésil et l’Union Européenne. Dans le premier cas, de nombreux écrits sociologiques américains décrivent les préoccupations et les pressions exercées par les différents acteurs sociaux sur les entreprises américaines au cours des années 1960. Au Brésil, les premières mises en oeuvre proviennent d’associa-tions d’entreprises vers le milieu des années 60 et s’amplifient à la fin des années 90, au moment où la société veut continuer dans la ligne de l’intégration pour que les normes et les droits du travail continuent à être appliqués. Au sein de l’Union Européenne, le thème de la responsabilité sociale est introduit à la fin des années 90 avec l’engagement de faire diminuer le taux élevé de chômage structurel. Dans la dernière partie, l’analyse comparative internationale propose une recomposition du cadre des divers contenus de la responsabilité sociale en partant de la grande question en débat dans les sociétés: rétablir l’engagement des entreprises pour une consolidation des contrats de travail en tant qu’élément de la citoyenneté sociale. MOTS-CLÉS: responsabilité sociale, entreprises, entreprises dans la société, Brésil et entreprises, culture des entreprises. Publicação Online do Caderno CRH: http://www.cadernocrh.ufba.b

A racionalidade, a cultura e o espirito empresarial

The essay deals with the connection among the notionsrationality, interest, values, and culture. In the weberian sociology,rationality is associated to the modern capitalism and to the“entrepreneurial spirit”. Other authors (Off, Hirschman, Veblen,Simmel, Elster) discussed how difficult is to joint the modern and therational. Their analyses lead to some questions, which are relevant tothe study of firm issues. Firstly, the development of the capitalismreally imposed and universalized the economic rationality, but it didmake this process neither homogeneous, nor independent from the culture influence. Secondly, values affect the economic rationalitycreating norms and rules, those orient actions and initiatives in orderto maintain the patrimony and have profits. It is possible to speak about“firm culture” that leads to consider the firm’s cultural regulationsforms. Such regulations are inherited from a long industrial historyand have to be understood because they produce systematic effects.The “entrepreneurial spirit”, as the capitalistic rationality expression,can be enriched by larger dimensions including values and practicescoming from different cultural environments, such as family, community,political and social organizations. In conclusion, firms cannot be seenon the only organizational optic, because they are part of a regionaland social culture and they are linked to professional cultures andtheir organizations. In addition, firms are able to affect differentdimensions of the social life, setting-up links and exchanges withinstitutions, groups, and communities.L’ article porte sur le lien entre les notions de rationalité,d’intérêt, de valeurs et de culture. Dans la sociologie weberienne, larationalité est associée au capitalisme moderne et à l’“espritd’entrepreneur”. D’autres auteurs (Off, Hirschman, Veblen, Simmel,Elster) traitent de la difficulté de réunir le moderne et le rationnel.Leurs analyses conduisent à certaines questions incontournables pourl’étude de la firme. Tout d’abord, le développement du capitalisme aimposé et universalisé la rationalité économique, mais il n’a pas renduce processus homogène ni indépendant de l’influence de la culture.Ensuite, les valeurs affectent la rationalité économique en créant desnormes et des règles, qui orientent les actions et les initiatives dans lebut de garantir le patrimoine et les profits. Il est possible de parler de“culture de la firme”, ce qui conduit à prendre en considération lesformes de régulation culturelle de la firme. De telles régulationsproviennent d’une histoire industrielle longue et doivent être comprisescar elles produisent des effets systématiques. L’“esprit entrepreneurial”,comme expression de la rationalité capitaliste, peut être enrichi par deplus vastes dimensions qui incluent les valeurs et les pratiques provenantde différents environnements culturels, comme la famille, lacommunauté, les organisations politiques et sociales. En conclusion,les firmes ne peuvent être saisies uniquement sous l’angleorganisationnel, car elles font partie d’une culture régionale et socialeet tissent des liens avec les cultures professionnelles et leurs organisations. En outre, les firmes peuvent affecter différentes dimensions dela vie sociale, en établissant des liens et des échanges avec lesinstitutions, les groupes et les communautésO artigo busca a articulação das noções deracionalidade, interesse, valores e cultura. Na sociologiaweberiana, a racionalidade é associada ao capitalismo modernoe ao “espírito empresarial”. Outros autores (Off, Hirschman,Veblen, Simmel, Elster) têm discutido quão difícil é a realizaçãodo encontro entre o “moderno” e o “racional”. Destas análises,é possível apontar duas questões relevantes para o estudo daproblemática empresarial. A primeira é que o desenvolvimentodo capitalismo tem, de fato, imposto e universalizado aracionalidade econômica, porém não a tornou nem homogêneanem independente da influencia da cultura. A segunda dizrespeito à influência dos valores sobre a racionalidadeeconômico-empresarial, formulando normas e regras que dãofundamento e orientam as ações e iniciativas para a manutençãodo patrimônio e para a realização do lucro. Pode-se então falarde “cultura de empresa” que leva a refletir sobre um conjuntode formas de regulação cultural das empresas, formas que sãoherdadas de uma longa história industrial e que devem serponderadas por produzirem efeitos sistemáticos. Com isso, o“espirito empresarial”, como expressão da racionalidadecapitalista, pode ser enriquecido por dimensões que incluemum conjunto de práticas e valores fundados em referênciasadvindas de diferentes ambientes, familiar, territorial, políticoe social. Conclui-se que as empresas não podem ser vistas exclusivamentesob a ótica organizacional, já que estas sãoinseridas em uma cultura de uma sociedade, de uma região, dastradições e organizações profissionais. Também, as empresasconseguem ter influências sobre diversas dimensões da vidasocial, estabelecendo elos e trocas com as instituições, grupose comunidades

Microbial community structure in vineyard soils across altitudinal gradients and in different seasons

Microbial communities living in nine vineyards distributed over three altitudinal transects were studied over 2 years. Fungal and bacterial community dynamics were explored using automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) and by determining bacterial cells and fungal colony-forming units (CFUs). Moreover, extensive chemical and physical analyses of the soils were carried out. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that bacterial and fungal communities are affected by altitude, which acts as a complex physicochemical gradient. In fact, soil moisture, Al, Mg, Mn and clay content are changing with altitude and influencing the bacterial genetic structure, while in the case of fungi, soil moisture, B and clay content are found to be the main drivers of the community. Moreover, other exchangeable cations and heavy metals, not correlating with altitude, are involved in the ordination of the sites, especially Cu. Qualitative ARISA revealed the presence of a stable core microbiome of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) within each transect, which ranged between 57% and 68% of total OTUs in the case of fungi and between 63% and 72% for bacteria. No seasonal effect on the composition of microbial communities was found, demonstrating that bacterial and fungal communities in vineyards are mostly stable over the considered season

Les professions de pink collar au Brésil et au Canada

En ces temps de réorganisation productive et de globalisation, nous nous proposons de reconstruire la combinaison complexe entre intérêts économiques et symboles culturels qui instaure la ségrégation occupationnelle des femmes dans les entreprises de téléphonie au Brésil et au Canada. Une telle analyse comparative des marchés du travail est confortée par le fait que la première entreprise de téléphonie à s’être implantée à Rio de Janeiro est d’origine canadienne. L’histoire des stratégies des entreprises permetra d’appréhender la reconstruction des relations sociales de genre au Brésil et au Canada. Dans les deux sociétés, les pratiques de travail dans la téléphonie nourrissent la formation de vocations et la constitution d’une identité professionnelle féminine. Dans quelles configurations et avec quelles formes de représentations culturelles les femmes s’engagent-elles dans cette activité ? Quelles attentes et quels projets incitent les travailleuses à constituer des réseaux de solidarité au sein du mouvement syndical au Brésil et au Canada ? En reprenant Halbwachs et le philosophe Paul Ricoeur (2007), nous mettrons en lumière tant le caractère essentiellement privé, singulier des souvenirs, c’est-à-dire la mémoire individuelle, que la mémoire collective, les références partagées que favorise la grande intersubjectivité des pratiques de travail. Les sources qui permettent de décrire ce passé récent sont à la fois directes et indirectes. Notre hypothèse de travail est que revenir aux contextes historiques qui marquent le début de l’insertion des femmes dans l’espace non ouvrier au Brésil et au Canada, celui de la téléphonie, secteur d’activité des « pink collar », éclairera et mettra au jour plusieurs caractéristiques des processus globaux de réorganisation du marché du travail. Ce retour au passé est fécond dans la mesure où il rend visibles les continuités et les changements intervenus dans les transformations des relations de genre dans nos sociétés, surtout quand sont en jeu les arrangements économiques et culturelles de la division sociale et sexuelle du travail.En estos tiempos de reestructuración productiva y de globalización, proponemos reconstruir la compleja combinación de símbolos económicos y culturales que la segregación ocupacional establece para las mujeres en las empresas de telefonía en Brasil y Canadá. Tal análisis comparativo del mercado de trabajo es apoyado por el hecho de que la primera compañía telefónica en Río de Janeiro es canadiense. La historia de las estrategias corporativas possibilita entender el tipo de reconstrucción de las relaciones sociales en Brasil y Canadá. En ambas sociedades, las prácticas de trabajo en la telefonía nutre la formación de las vocaciones y de la identidad profesionales de las mujeres. Bajo qué modalidades y formas de representaciones culturales las mujeres se dedican a esta ocupación? Quales proyectos animan las trabajadoras para construir redes de solidaridad dentro del movimiento sindical en Brasil y en Canadá? Al tomar Halbwachs y el filósofo Paul Ricoeur (2007), vamos a destacar tanto el carácter esencialmente privado, recuerdos singulares, es decir, la memoria individual, la memoria colectiva, las referencias compartidas que promueve una mayor interacción prácticas de trabajo. Las fuentes que describen este pasado reciente son tanto directos como indirectos. Nuestra hipótesis de trabajo es que los contextos históricos marcan el inicio de la telefonía y de la integración de las mujeres en el mundo del trabajo en Brasil y Canadá. El sector de actividad de "pink collar" ilumina las características del proceso global de reorganización del mercado de trabajo. Este retorno al pasado es fructífera porque hace visibles las continuidades y los cambios de las relaciones de género en nuestra sociedad, especialmente cuando siempre están en juego acuerdos económicos y culturales de la división social y sexual del trabajo.In these times of globalization’s production restructuration, we propose to recompose the complex combination between economic and symbolic cultural interests which introduced occupational segregation of women in the telephone industries of Brazil and Canada. This comparative analysis of labor markets is comforted by the fact that the first telephone firm to settle in Rio de Janeiro was of Canadian origin. Through this prism, social relations of gender in Brazil and Canada will be reconstructed. What were the work configurations and with what forms of cultural representations did these women engage in this activity? What where the expectations and projects which incited women workers to build solidarity networks within the labor movement of this sector in both societies? By referring to Halbwachs and the philosopher Paul Ricoeur (2007), we highlight both the essentially private nature, singular or what one might call individual memories, and the collective memory, the shared references that favor the deep-going inter-subjectivity of work practices. The sources which enable to describe this recent past are both direct and indirect. Our hypothesis is that looking back at the historical context which marked the beginning of women’s insertion into the non-blue collar work space in Brazil and Canada, that of the telephone industry, a “pink-collar” sector, will help clarify and bring out several characteristics of today’s global labor market reorganization process. This voyage back in time is rich to the extent that it brings out the continuity and changes intervening through the transformations of gender relations in our societies, especially when economic and cultural arrangements of this social and sexual division of labor are concerned