36 research outputs found
Highly Selective Nickel Catalysts for Ethylene Oligomerization Based on Tridentate Pyrazolyl Ligands
International audienc
The criminal careers of italian mafia members
This chapter provides the first analyses of the criminal career of the Italian mafias members. The analysis is based on the unique Proton Mafia Member dataset, provided by the Italian Ministry of Justice, with information on all individuals who received a final conviction for mafia offences since the 1980s. The PMM includes information on more than 11 thousand individuals and 182 thousand offences. The study explores the career of mafia members following a three-level approach, analyzing the macro, meso, and micro dimensions of the criminal careers of the mafiosi. At the macro level, Italian mafiasâ member show different types of criminal trajectories, with a significant portion of the sample exhibiting a late onset and late persistence pattern. At the meso level, the four main types of mafias (the Sicilian Cosa Nostra, the Neapolitan Camorra, the Calabrian âNdrangheta, and the Apulian mafias) report very similar traits although some distinctive patterns emerge. At the micro level, there are differences in the criminal career between early- and lately- recruited member, with the former showing higher frequency of violent, volume crime and the latter a more complex, white collar profile. A further exploration of the PMM data shows an escalation in both the number and the seriousness of crimes before joining the mafias, which subsequently stabilize afterwards
Microbial transfers from permanent grassland ecosystems to milk in dairy farms in the Comté cheese area
International audienceAbstract The specificity of dairy Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) products is related to their âterroirâ of production. This relationship needs better understanding for efficient and sustainable productions preserving the agroecological equilibrium of agroecosystems, especially grasslands. Specificity of PDO ComtĂ© cheese was related to the diversity of natural raw milk bacterial communities, but their sources need to be determined. It is hypothesized that raw milk indigenous microbial communities may originate from permanent grazed grasslands by the intermediate of dairy cows according to the sequence soilâphyllosphereâteatâmilk. This hypothesis was evaluated on a 44 dairy farms network across PDO ComtĂ© cheese area by characterizing prokaryotic and fungal communities of these compartments by metabarcoding analysis (16S rRNA gene: V3âV4 region, 18S rRNA gene: V7âV8 region). Strong and significant links were highlighted between the four compartments through a network analysis (0.34â<ârâ<â0.58), and were modulated by soil pH, plant diversity and elevation; but also by farming practices: organic fertilization levels, cattle intensity and cow-teat care. This causal relationship suggests that microbial diversity of agroecosystems is a key player in relating a PDO product to its âterroirâ; this under the dependency of farming practices. Altogether, this makes the âterroirâ even more local and needs to be considered for production sustainability