Regarding the Authenticity of Fernán González's Donation to San Sebastián de Silos in 954

Algunos estudiosos consideran falsos muchos de los documentos del conde Fernán González, entre ellos la carta dirigida al monasterio de San Sebastián de Silos, cuyo original no se ha conservado. En este artículo pretendemos demostrar la autenticidad de esta donación, sobre todo comparando sus fórmulas con las Formulae Visigothicae y las de otros documentos de la época que parecen seguir un formulario común, utilizado en los siglos X y XI en todo el reino de León.Many documents associated with Count Fernán González are considered to be falsifications by a number of scholars, including the count’s donation to the monastery of San Sebastián de Silos, whose original has not come down to us. The present article sets out the authenticity of the document, above all by comparing its formulas with the Formulae Visigothicae and those of other, contemporary documents which indicate they were composed using the same formulary, adopted during the tenth and eleventh centuries over the whole of the kingdom of León

El oracional visigótico de Verona: notas codicológicas y paleográficas

La antigüedad del códice LXXXIX de la Biblioteca Capitular de Verona ha hecho que muchos estudiosos le hayan prestado su atención, aunque algunos aspectos codicológicos y paleográficos no han sido estudiados en profundidad. En este artículo se pretende describir con mayor exactitud la materialidad del manuscrito y ofrecer algunas consideraciones paleográficas sobre su escritura, en especial la de los añadidos de sus cuatro primeros folios

Santo Domingo de Silos, redentor de cautivos, y unas gallinas de Berbería

Santo Domingo de Silos (muerto en 1073) fue invocado como redentor de cautivos cristianos, que estaban en manos de los moros. Algunos de sus milagros suceden en el norte de África. Uno de ellos, reelaborado desde el siglo XV, explica la presencia en Silos de unas gallinas de raza especial. El milagro del moro y el arca fue atribuido también a la Virgen en algunos santuarios marianos.St Dominic of Silos (†1073) was invoked as the rescuer of Christian captives held in Muslim lands. Some of his miracles take place in North Africa. One of which, re-elaborated since the fiteenth century, explains how a special breed of hen came to be kept in Silos. The miracle of the Muslim and the treasure-chest was also attributed to the Virgin in some Marian sanctuary-collections

Exposures associated with infection with Cryptosporidium in industrialised countries: a systematic review protocol

BackgroundCryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite of humans and other animals worldwide and is one of the greatest contributors to human diarrhoeal illness. Transmission can occur indirectly via contaminated food or water, or directly via contact with animals or other infected people. Risk exposures are often identified from outbreak investigations, but a subset of cases remains unexplained, and sources for sporadic disease and pathways to infection are still unclear.Given the few systematic syntheses of reported evidence in industrialised populations, the aim of this review is to consolidate the literature to describe exposures associated with human cryptosporidiosis in industrialised countries, specifically including the UK, and describe any differences between outbreak-associated and sporadic disease.Methods/designWhere relevant, methods will follow the recommendations made in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Three steps will be used to identify the literature including electronic database searching using PubMed, Scopus, Embase and Web of Science; reference list trawling; and an exploration of the grey literature. Screening of results will be undertaken by two reviewers using pre-defined criteria. Studies conducted in industrialised countries and reporting on human subjects will be included. All observational studies will be included where they report exposures and relevant quantitative results.Data will be extracted using a standardised form. Study quality will be assessed using the ROBINS-I tool. Data will be summarised presenting the papers’ main findings including population under study, outcomes, and exposures, and whether these were considered outbreak or sporadic cases. A narrative summary will also be included. Where populations are appropriate, available data will be pooled in a meta-analysis combining the significant exposures across studies.DiscussionThis review aims to consolidate the evidence for transmission routes and exposures for Cryptosporidium in industrialised countries, with particular reference to how these may apply to the UK. In addition, the review will seek to describe differences between outbreak and sporadic cases. This will help to identify those most vulnerable, highlighting pathways where interventions and public health response may be appropriate.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO number CRD42017056589.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13643-018-0731-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

GP coding behaviour for non-specific clinical presentations: a pilot study

Background: Clinical coding is an integral part of primary care. Disease incidence studies based on primary care electronic health records (EHRs) rely on the accuracy of these codes. Current code validation methods are not appropriate for non-specific conditions and provide limited information about GPs' decision-making behaviour around coding. Qualitative methods could offer insight into decision-making behaviour around coding of patients with non-specific conditions. Aim: To investigate the decision-making behaviour of GPs when applying Read codes to non-specific clinical presentations, using Lyme disease as a case example. Design & setting: A pilot study was undertaken, involving masked semi-structured interviews of eight GPs in the North West of England. Method: Semi-structured interviews were carried out based on 11 clinical cases representative of Lyme disease presentations. Discrete answers were described descriptively. Interview transcripts were analysed using a thematic approach. Results: Themes underpinning GPs’ coding behaviour included: GP personal and professional experience; clinical evidence; diagnostic uncertainty; professional integrity and defensive practice; and patient-sourced health information and beliefs. GPs placed Lyme disease on their differential diagnosis list for five cases; in only two cases would GPs select a Lyme disease related Read code. Conclusion: GPs were reluctant to code with specific diagnostic Read codes when they were presented with patients with vague or unfamiliar symptomology. This masked questionnaire methodology offers a new approach to validate incidence figures, based on Read codes of non-specific conditions. The reluctance to code poses many problems for primary care EH

A Study to Validate a Self-Reported Version of the ONS Drug Dependence Questionnaire

Aim: A prospective study to establish the reliability of a self-completion version of the Office for National Statistics (ONS) questionnaire for assessing drug dependence of substance misuse clients. Method: A total of 47 treatment seeking opioid-dependent clients completed the self-complete version of the ONS questionnaire (ONS-sc) followed by the interviewer-administered ONS questionnaire (ONS-ia) at a single clinic appointment. Scores for four Class A drugs (heroin, methadone, speed and crack/cocaine) from both formats were compared. Results: The observed agreement was 87% or more and Cohen's kappa was 0.7 (p < 0.001) or more for all four Class A drugs. Sensitivity for each Class A drugs was 56% or higher and specificity was 87% or higher. Sensitivity for severe heroin dependency was 98% (CI 89–100%). There was a 100% correlation between the ONS-sc and positive urine analysis for heroin use. However, methadone and crack/cocaine drug use appeared under reported. Conclusion: ONS-sc is a feasible, practical and time-saving alternative to a detailed interview on drug dependence. Further research with a larger sample size and non-opiate-dependent clients are needed, as this could prove a useful tool for monitoring clients in everyday practice, or for survey purposes where interviews are impractical