Antifungal effect and reduction of Ulmus minor symptoms to Ophiostoma novo-ulmi by carvacrol and salicylic acid

There are still no effective means to control Dutch elm disease (DED), caused by the vascular fungi Ophiostoma ulmi and O. novo-ulmi. Plant phenolics may provide a new strategy for DED control, given their known antifungal activity against pathogens and their involvement in plant defence mechanisms. The in vitro antifungal activity of salicylic acid, carvacrol, thymol, phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol, and 2,5-xylenol against the DED pathogens was tested. Also, the protective effect of watering Ulmus minor seedlings with these compounds was tested against O. novo-ulmi. Salicylic acid, carvacrol, and thymol showed the strongest antifungal in vitro activity, while carvacrol and salicylic acid provided the strongest in vivo protection against O. novo-ulmi (63 and 46% reduction of leaf wilting symptoms with respect to controls, respectively). The effect of the treatments on tree phenology was low, and a significant negative relation was observed between the number of days to bud burst and the leaf wilting symptoms after inoculation, probably determined by genetic differences among the elm tree progenies used. The treatments with salicylic acid, carvacrol and thymol induced the highest shift in phenolic metabolite profile with respect to control trees. The protective effect of carvacrol and salicylic acid is discussed in terms of their combined activity as antifungal compounds and as inductors of tree defence responses

Pro-Con Debate: Nitrous Oxide for Labor Analgesia

This Pro-Con debate will provide the practitioner with an evidence-based knowledge approach to assist the clinician in determining whether to employ (Pro) or not to employ (Con) this technique in the obstetrical suite for labor analgesia. Nitrous oxide has been used safely in dentistry and medicine for many centuries. However, accumulating preclinical and clinical evidence increasingly suggests previously unrecognized adverse maternal and fetal effects of nitrous oxide, which warrants reconsideration of its use in pregnant women and a more detailed informed consent. Nitrous oxide is associated with metabolic, oxidative, genotoxic, and transgenerational epigenetic effects in animals and humans that may warrant limiting its usefulness in labor. This debate will discuss and review the clinical uses, advantages, and disadvantages of nitrous oxide on occupational effects of nitrous oxide exposure, neuroapoptosis, FDA warning on inhalational anesthetics and the developing brain, research limitations, occupational exposure safety limits, effects on global warming, and potential for diversion

Political Marketing: Measurement Parameters of the Concept of Social Value in Possible Presidential Pre-Candidates, Elections 2021, Chimborazo, Ecuador

This research sought to determine what parameters of social value should be met by potential presidential candidates through an analysis of political marketing. Qualitative and quantitative approaches were used, at a descriptive, observational and prospective level, with a non-experimental cross-sectional design. Inductive, deductive, analytical, synthetic and semantic methods were used in documentary review and preparation of the conclusions. The objective was to determine the parameters of social value used by voters to evaluate the acceptance / rejection of six possible candidates. The investigation was limited to the province of Chimborazo, Sierra region, after the events of October 2019. The seven social value parameters established by policy experts were: credibility, political background, honesty, professional training, leadership, charisma and tolerance. The results showed a preference in the Chimborazo province for the left-wing political parties and candidates. We conclude that the chimboracenses voters comparatively determined their perception of acceptance / rejection of candidates visible after the national strike in October 2019 using seven predetermined parameters. Keywords: concepts of value, pre-candidates, political marketing, candidate, political parties. Resumen La investigación buscó determinar que parámetros de medición del concepto valor social debería cumplir los posibles precandidatos presidenciales mediante un análisis de Marketing Político, la investigación de enfoque cualitativo y cuantitativo, de nivel descriptivo, observacional y prospectivo, de diseño transversal no experimental, se aplicó los métodos: inductivo, deductivo, analítico, sintético y semántico en la revisión documental y elaboración de las conclusiones. El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar los parámetros de medición del concepto valor social para evaluar la aceptación/rechazo de los electores en seis posibles precandidatos, la investigación muestra limitación en la provincia de Chimborazo, región sierra, luego de los hechos sucedidos el pasado octubre-2019. Los parámetros identificados en el concepto valor social fueron establecidos por expertos en política definiéndose siete: credibilidad, antecedentes políticos, honradez, formación profesional, liderazgo, carisma y tolerancia. Los resultados avizoran un buen posicionamiento en la provincia de Chimborazo hacia los candidatos y partidos políticos de izquierda. Se concluye que, los electores chimboracenses en forma comparativa determinaron su percepción de aceptación/rechazo en 7 parámetros descritos en los precandidatos que se visibilizaron después del Paro Nacional de octubre 2019. Palabras clave: conceptos de valor, pre-candidatos, marketing político, candidato, partidos políticos