Effect of the spatial distribution of physical aquifer properties on modelled water table depth and stream discharge in a headwater catchment

Water table depth and its dynamics on hillslopes are often poorly predicted despite they control both water transit time within the catchment and solute fluxes at the catchment outlet. This paper analyses how relaxing the assumption of lateral homogeneity of physical properties can improve simulations of water table depth and dynamics. Four different spatial models relating hydraulic conductivity to topography have been tested: a simple linear relationship, a linear relationship with two different topographic indexes, two <i>Ks</i> domains with a transitional area. The Hill-Vi model has been modified to test these hypotheses. The studied catchment (Kervidy-Naizin, Western France) is underlain by schist crystalline bedrock. A shallow and perennial groundwater highly reactive to rainfall events mainly develops in the weathered saprolite layer. The results indicate that (1) discharge and the water table in the riparian zone are similarly predicted by the four models, (2) distinguishing two <i>Ks</i> domains constitutes the best model and slightly improves prediction of the water table upslope, and (3) including spatial variations in the other parameters such as porosity or rate of hydraulic conductivity decrease with depth does not improve the results. These results underline the necessity of better investigations of upslope areas in hillslope hydrology

Influence du réseau de haies des paysages bocagers sur le cheminement de l'eau de surface

En Bretagne, le bocage est un paysage typique constitué d'un réseau de haies planté sur un talus de terre entourant les parcelles. La première partie résume les connaissances actuelles sur le rôle hydrologique du bocage.L'article porte sur le rôle du bocage sur les écoulements de surface (écoulement hortonien). Il s'agit d'une première étape pour intégrer le rôle des haies dans la modélisation hydrologique distribuée. On s'attache à la description de la modification du réseau de drainage par les haies.Ce travail a nécessité la mise au pont d'un logiciel en C qui permet de créer le réseau de drainage sous contrainte topographique à partir d'un modèle numérique de terrain, puis de le modifier en intégrant la présence des haies. Cinq situations représentant une grande diversité bocagère (de 39 m/ha jusqu'à 200 m/ha) ont été étudiées. On constate une profonde modification du réseau de drainage, puisque jusqu'à 90% des mailles voient leur place changer dans le réseau de drainage. Cependant, l'effet le plus important est la déconnexion de certaines branches du réseau de drainage, qui était précédemment continu jusqu'à l'exutoire. En effet, certaines haies jouent le rôle de puits, où l'eau ne peut que s'infiltrer (haies parallèles aux courbes de niveau). Ces puits contrôlent ainsi des zones du bassin versant, qui peuvent atteindre jusqu'à 40 % de la surface totale. Des modifications sont également observées sur la longueur de ruissellement réduite en moyenne, mais dans des proportions faibles (10 à 20 %). Enfin, les pentes des mailles dont la direction a été modifiée par la présence d'une haie à leur endroit sont également diminuées d'environ 50 %.La densité de haies, qui est pourtant souvent le seul facteur disponible pour qualifier le bocage dans les opérations d'aménagement, apparaît insuffisante pour caractériser le rôle " tampon " du bocage sur le plan hydrologique. En conclusion, on attire l'attention sur la nécessité de prendre en compte la structure du bocage pour intégrer son rôle hydrologique dans les opérations d'aménagement.In Brittany, the bocage is the typical landscape, a network of hedgerows planted on an earthen bank. It could play a hydrological role by modifying the water pathways. This was studied by analysing the modification of the drainage network at the catchment scale, for 5 densities of the hedgerow network. The drainage network, basically controlled by the topography, was modified taking into account the hedges, which cannot be crossed by the water pathway. The digital elevation model and a vector map of hedges were the data used.The impact of hedgerows on different parameters influencing surface runoff was tested. The main modification is that a part of the catchment, up to 40% of the total area, is disconnected from the river course due to the presence of hedges acting as sinks. A reduction of the surface runoff length and a decrease of the slope of the pixel-hedges in the drainage direction are also measured. But none of these factors is dependent of the hedgerow density, which appears as a poor descriptor of the hydrological buffer capacity of the bocage landscape. We draw attention to the need to take into account the hedgerow structure for hydrological purposes, in order to improve the new policy of re-building a bocage landscape that is currently being implemented

Influence du réseau de haies des paysages bocagers sur le cheminement de l'eau de surface

En Bretagne, le bocage est un paysage typique constitué d'un réseau de haies planté sur un talus de terre entourant les parcelles. La première partie résume les connaissances actuelles sur le rôle hydrologique du bocage.L'article porte sur le rôle du bocage sur les écoulements de surface (écoulement hortonien). Il s'agit d'une première étape pour intégrer le rôle des haies dans la modélisation hydrologique distribuée. On s'attache à la description de la modification du réseau de drainage par les haies.Ce travail a nécessité la mise au pont d'un logiciel en C qui permet de créer le réseau de drainage sous contrainte topographique à partir d'un modèle numérique de terrain, puis de le modifier en intégrant la présence des haies. Cinq situations représentant une grande diversité bocagère (de 39 m/ha jusqu'à 200 m/ha) ont été étudiées. On constate une profonde modification du réseau de drainage, puisque jusqu'à 90% des mailles voient leur place changer dans le réseau de drainage. Cependant, l'effet le plus important est la déconnexion de certaines branches du réseau de drainage, qui était précédemment continu jusqu'à l'exutoire. En effet, certaines haies jouent le rôle de puits, où l'eau ne peut que s'infiltrer (haies parallèles aux courbes de niveau). Ces puits contrôlent ainsi des zones du bassin versant, qui peuvent atteindre jusqu'à 40 % de la surface totale. Des modifications sont également observées sur la longueur de ruissellement réduite en moyenne, mais dans des proportions faibles (10 à 20 %). Enfin, les pentes des mailles dont la direction a été modifiée par la présence d'une haie à leur endroit sont également diminuées d'environ 50 %.La densité de haies, qui est pourtant souvent le seul facteur disponible pour qualifier le bocage dans les opérations d'aménagement, apparaît insuffisante pour caractériser le rôle " tampon " du bocage sur le plan hydrologique. En conclusion, on attire l'attention sur la nécessité de prendre en compte la structure du bocage pour intégrer son rôle hydrologique dans les opérations d'aménagement.In Brittany, the bocage is the typical landscape, a network of hedgerows planted on an earthen bank. It could play a hydrological role by modifying the water pathways. This was studied by analysing the modification of the drainage network at the catchment scale, for 5 densities of the hedgerow network. The drainage network, basically controlled by the topography, was modified taking into account the hedges, which cannot be crossed by the water pathway. The digital elevation model and a vector map of hedges were the data used.The impact of hedgerows on different parameters influencing surface runoff was tested. The main modification is that a part of the catchment, up to 40% of the total area, is disconnected from the river course due to the presence of hedges acting as sinks. A reduction of the surface runoff length and a decrease of the slope of the pixel-hedges in the drainage direction are also measured. But none of these factors is dependent of the hedgerow density, which appears as a poor descriptor of the hydrological buffer capacity of the bocage landscape. We draw attention to the need to take into account the hedgerow structure for hydrological purposes, in order to improve the new policy of re-building a bocage landscape that is currently being implemented

Evidence for Two Modes of Synergistic Induction of Apoptosis by Mapatumumab and Oxaliplatin in Combination with Hyperthermia in Human Colon Cancer Cells

Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the world-- the main cause of death from colorectal cancer is hepatic metastases, which can be treated with isolated hepatic perfusion (IHP). Searching for the most clinically relevant approaches for treating colorectal metastatic disease by isolated hepatic perfusion (IHP), we developed the application of oxaliplatin concomitantly with hyperthermia and humanized death receptor 4 (DR4) antibody mapatumumab (Mapa), and investigated the molecular mechanisms of this multimodality treatment in human colon cancer cell lines CX-1 and HCT116 as well as human colon cancer stem cells Tu-12, Tu-21 and Tu-22. We showed here, in this study, that the synergistic effect of the multimodality treatment-induced apoptosis was caspase dependent and activated death signaling via both the extrinsic apoptotic pathway and the intrinsic pathway. Death signaling was activated by c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling which led to Bcl-xL phosphorylation at serine 62, decreasing the anti-apoptotic activity of Bcl-xL, which contributed to the intrinsic pathway. The downregulation of cellular FLICE inhibitory protein long isoform (c-FLIPL) in the extrinsic pathway was accomplished through ubiquitination at lysine residue (K) 195 and protein synthesis inhibition. Overexpression of c-FLIPL mutant (K195R) and Bcl-xL mutant (S62A) completely abrogated the synergistic effect. The successful outcome of this study supports the application of multimodality strategy to patients with colorectal hepatic metastases who fail to respond to standard chemoradiotherapy that predominantly targets the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. © 2013 Song et al

Integrated climate-chemical indicators of diffuse pollution from land to water

Management of agricultural diffuse pollution to water remains a challenge and is influenced by the complex interactions of rainfall-runoff pathways, soil and nutrient management, agricultural landscape heterogeneity and biogeochemical cycling in receiving water bodies. Amplified cycles of weather can also influence nutrient loss to water although they are less considered in policy reviews. Here, we present the development of climate-chemical indicators of diffuse pollution in highly monitored catchments in Western Europe. Specifically, we investigated the influences and relationships between weather processes amplified by the North Atlantic Oscillation during a sharp upward trend (20102016) and the patterns of diffuse nitrate and phosphorus pollution in rivers. On an annual scale, we found correlations between local catchment-scale nutrient concentrations in rivers and the influence of larger, oceanic-scale climate patterns defined by the intensity of the North Atlantic Oscillation. These influences were catchment-specific showing positive, negative or no correlation according to a typology. Upward trends in these decadal oscillations may override positive benefits of local management in some years or indicate greater benefits in other years. Developing integrated climate-chemical indicators into catchment monitoring indicators will provide a new and important contribution to water quality management objectives

Analysis of Marker-Defined HNSCC Subpopulations Reveals a Dynamic Regulation of Tumor Initiating Properties

Head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSCC) tumors carry dismal long-term prognosis and the role of tumor initiating cells (TICs) in this cancer is unclear. We investigated in HNSCC xenografts whether specific tumor subpopulations contributed to tumor growth. We used a CFSE-based label retentions assay, CD49f (α6-integrin) surface levels and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity to profile HNSCC subpopulations. The tumorigenic potential of marker-positive and -negative subpopulations was tested in nude (Balb/c nu/nu) and NSG (NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ) mice and chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assays. Here we identified in HEp3, SQ20b and FaDu HNSCC xenografts a subpopulation of G0/G1-arrested slow-cycling CD49fhigh/ALDH1A1high/H3K4/K27me3low subpopulation (CD49f+) of tumor cells. A strikingly similar CD49fhigh/H3K27me3low subpopulation is also present in primary human HNSCC tumors and metastases. While only sorted CD49fhigh/ALDHhigh, label retaining cells (LRC) proliferated immediately in vivo, with time the CD49flow/ALDHlow, non-LRC (NLRC) tumor cell subpopulations were also able to regain tumorigenic capacity; this was linked to restoration of CD49fhigh/ALDHhigh, label retaining cells. In addition, CD49f is required for HEp3 cell tumorigenicity and to maintain low levels of H3K4/K27me3. CD49f+ cells also displayed reduced expression of the histone-lysine N-methyltransferase EZH2 and ERK1/2phosphorylation. This suggests that although transiently quiescent, their unique chromatin structure is poised for rapid transcriptional activation. CD49f− cells can “reprogram” and also achieve this state eventually. We propose that in HNSCC tumors, epigenetic mechanisms likely driven by CD49f signaling dynamically regulate HNSCC xenograft phenotypic heterogeneity. This allows multiple tumor cell subpopulations to drive tumor growth suggesting that their dynamic nature renders them a “moving target” and their eradication might require more persistent strategies