199 research outputs found
Stability analysis of cosmological models through Liapunov's method
We investigate the general asymptotic behaviour of Friedman-Robertson-Walker
(FRW) models with an inflaton field, scalar-tensor FRW cosmological models and
diagonal Bianchi-IX models by means of Liapunov's method. This method provides
information not only about the asymptotic stability of a given equilibrium
point but also about its basin of attraction. This cannot be obtained by the
usual methods found in the literature, such as linear stability analysis or
first order perturbation techniques. Moreover, Liapunov's method is also
applicable to non-autonomous systems. We use this advantadge to investigate the
mechanism of reheating for the inflaton field in FRW models.Comment: Latex file, 8 pages, no figures, accepted for publication in Class. &
Quant. Gra
A Solution to the Graceful Exit Problem in Pre-Big Bang Cosmology
We examine the string cosmology equations with a dilaton potential in the
context of the Pre-Big Bang Scenario with the desired scale factor duality, and
give a generic algorithm for obtaining solutions with appropriate evolutionary
properties. This enables us to find pre-big bang type solutions with suitable
dilaton behaviour that are regular at , thereby solving the graceful exit
problem. However to avoid fine tuning of initial data, an `exotic' equation of
state is needed that relates the fluid properties to the dilaton field. We
discuss why such an equation of state should be required for reliable dilaton
behaviour at late times.Comment: 16 pages LaTeX, 5 figures. To appear in Physical Review
Gravity Waves Signatures from Anisotropic pre-Inflation
We show that expanding or contracting Kasner universes are unstable due to
the amplification of gravitational waves (GW). As an application of this
general relativity effect, we consider a pre-inflationary anisotropic geometry
characterized by a Kasner-like expansion, which is driven dynamically towards
inflation by a scalar field. We investigate the evolution of linear metric
fluctuations around this background, and calculate the amplification of the
long-wavelength GW of a certain polarization during the anisotropic expansion
(this effect is absent for another GW polarization, and for scalar
fluctuations). These GW are superimposed to the usual tensor modes of quantum
origin from inflation, and are potentially observable if the total number of
inflationary e-folds exceeds the minimum required to homogenize the observable
universe only by a small margin. Their contribution to the temperature
anisotropy angular power spectrum decreases with the multipole l as l^(-p),
where p depends on the slope of the initial GW power-spectrum. Constraints on
the long-wavelength GW can be translated into limits on the total duration of
inflation and the initial GW amplitude. The instability of classical GW (and
zero-vacuum fluctuations of gravitons) during Kasner-like expansion (or
contraction) may have other interesting applications. In particular, if GW
become non-linear, they can significantly alter the geometry before the onset
of inflation
Bounce behaviour in Kantowski-Sachs and Bianchi Cosmologies
Many cosmological scenarios envisage either a bounce of the universe at early
times, or collapse of matter locally to form a black hole which re-expands into
a new expanding universe region. Energy conditions preclude this happening for
ordinary matter in general relativistic universes, but scalar or dilatonic
fields can violate some of these conditions, and so could possibly provide
bounce behaviour. In this paper we show that such bounces cannot occur in
Kantowski-Sachs models without violating the {\it reality condition}
. This also holds true for other isotropic spatially
homogenous Bianchi models, with the exception of closed
Friedmann-Robertson-Walker and Bianchi IX models; bounce behaviour violates the
{\em weak energy condition} and . We turn to the
Randall-Sundrum type braneworld scenario for a possible resolution of this
problem.Comment: Matches published versio
Solution generating in scalar-tensor theories with a massless scalar field and stiff perfect fluid as a source
We present a method for generating solutions in some scalar-tensor theories
with a minimally coupled massless scalar field or irrotational stiff perfect
fluid as a source. The method is based on the group of symmetries of the
dilaton-matter sector in the Einstein frame. In the case of Barker's theory the
dilaton-matter sector possesses SU(2) group of symmetries. In the case of
Brans-Dicke and the theory with "conformal coupling", the dilaton- matter
sector has as a group of symmetries. We describe an explicit
algorithm for generating exact scalar-tensor solutions from solutions of
Einstein-minimally-coupled-scalar-field equations by employing the nonlinear
action of the symmetry group of the dilaton-matter sector. In the general case,
when the Einstein frame dilaton-matter sector may not possess nontrivial
symmetries we also present a solution generating technique which allows us to
construct exact scalar-tensor solutions starting with the solutions of
Einstein-minimally-coupled-scalar-field equations. As an illustration of the
general techniques, examples of explicit exact solutions are constructed. In
particular, we construct inhomogeneous cosmological scalar-tensor solutions
whose curvature invariants are everywhere regular in space-time. A
generalization of the method for scalar-tensor-Maxwell gravity is outlined.Comment: 10 pages,Revtex; v2 extended version, new parts added and some parts
rewritten, results presented more concisely, some simple examples of
homogeneous solutions replaced with new regular inhomogeneous solutions,
typos corrected, references and acknowledgements added, accepted for
publication in Phys.Rev.
Structure and stability of the Lukash plane-wave spacetime
We study the vacuum, plane-wave Bianchi spacetimes described by
the Lukash metric. Combining covariant with orthonormal frame techniques, we
describe these models in terms of their irreducible kinematical and geometrical
quantities. This covariant description is used to study analytically the
response of the Lukash spacetime to linear perturbations. We find that the
stability of the vacuum solution depends crucially on the background shear
anisotropy. The stronger the deviation from the Hubble expansion, the more
likely the overall linear instability of the model. Our analysis addresses
rotational, shear and Weyl curvature perturbations and identifies conditions
sufficient for the linear growth of these distortions.Comment: Revised version, references added. To appear in Class. Quantum Gra
The use of discrete choice experiments to inform health workforce policy: a systematic review.
BACKGROUND: Discrete choice experiments have become a popular study design to study the labour market preferences of health workers. Discrete choice experiments in health, however, have been criticised for lagging behind best practice and there are specific methodological considerations for those focused on job choices. We performed a systematic review of the application of discrete choice experiments to inform health workforce policy. METHODS: We searched for discrete choice experiments that examined the labour market preferences of health workers, including doctors, nurses, allied health professionals, mid-level and community health workers. We searched Medline, Embase, Global Health, other databases and grey literature repositories with no limits on date or language and contacted 44 experts. Features of choice task and experimental design, conduct and analysis of included studies were assessed against best practice. An assessment of validity was undertaken for all studies, with a comparison of results from those with low risk of bias and a similar objective and context. RESULTS: Twenty-seven studies were included, with over half set in low- and middle-income countries. There were more studies published in the last four years than the previous ten years. Doctors or medical students were the most studied cadre. Studies frequently pooled results from heterogeneous subgroups or extrapolated these results to the general population. Only one third of studies included an opt-out option, despite all health workers having the option to exit the labour market. Just five studies combined results with cost data to assess the cost effectiveness of various policy options. Comparison of results from similar studies broadly showed the importance of bonus payments and postgraduate training opportunities and the unpopularity of time commitments for the uptake of rural posts. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first systematic review of discrete choice experiments in human resources for health. We identified specific issues relating to this application of which practitioners should be aware to ensure robust results. In particular, there is a need for more defined target populations and increased synthesis with cost data. Research on a wider range of health workers and the generalisability of results would be welcome to better inform policy
Longer and less overlapping food webs in anthropogenically disturbed marine ecosystems: confirmations from the past
The human exploitation of marine resources is characterised by the preferential removal of the largest species. Although this is expected to modify the structure of food webs, we have a relatively poor understanding of the potential consequences of such alteration. Here, we take advantage of a collection of ancient consumer tissues, using stable isotope analysis and SIBER to assess changes in the structure of coastal marine food webs in the South-western Atlantic through the second half of the Holocene as a result of the sequential exploitation of marine resources by hunter-gatherers, western sealers and modern fishermen. Samples were collected from shell middens and museums. Shells of both modern and archaeological intertidal herbivorous molluscs were used to reconstruct changes in the stable isotopic baseline, while modern and archaeological bones of the South American sea lion Otaria flavescens, South American fur seal Arctocephalus australis and Magellanic penguin Spheniscus magellanicus were used to analyse changes in the structure of the community of top predators. We found that ancient food webs were shorter, more redundant and more overlapping than current ones, both in northern-central Patagonia and southern Patagonia. These surprising results may be best explained by the huge impact of western sealing on pinnipeds during the fur trade period, rather than the impact of fishing on fish populations. As a consequence, the populations of pinnipeds at the end of the sealing period were likely well below the ecosystem's carrying capacity, which resulted in a release of intraspecific competition and a shift towards larger and higher trophic level prey. This in turn led to longer and less overlapping food webs
Lichen response to ammonia deposition defines the footprint of a penguin rookery
Ammonia volatilized from penguin rookeries is a major nitrogen source in Antarctic coastal terrestrial ecosystems. However, the spatial extent of ammonia dispersion from rookeries and its impacts have not been quantified previously. We measured ammonia concentration in air and lichen ecophysiological response variables proximate to an Adèlie penguin rookery at Cape Hallett, northern Victoria Land. Ammonia emitted from the rookery was 15N-enriched (δ15N value +6.9) and concentrations in air ranged from 36–75 µg m−3 at the rookery centre to 0.05 µg m−3 at a distance of 15.3 km. δ15N values and rates of phosphomonoesterase (PME) activity in the lichens Usnea sphacelata and Umbilicaria decussata were strongly negatively related to distance from the rookery and PME activity was positively related to thallus N:P mass ratio. In contrast, the lichen Xanthomendoza borealis, which is largely restricted to within an area 0.5 km from the rookery perimeter, had high N, P and 15N concentrations but low PME activity suggesting that nutrient scavenging capacity is suppressed in highly eutrophicated sites. An ammonia dispersion model indicates that ammonia concentrations sufficient to significantly elevate PME activity and δ15N values (≥0.1 µg NH3 m−3) occurred over c. 40–300 km2 surrounding the rookery suggesting that penguin rookeries potentially can generate large spatial impact zones. In a general linear model NH3 concentration and lichen species identity were found to account for 72 % of variation in the putative proportion of lichen thallus N originating from penguin derived NH3. The results provide evidence of large scale impact of N transfer from a marine to an N-limited terrestrial ecosystem
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