Making State Law in Federal Court

Abstract: We know from Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins that unless the Constitution or a federal statute provides the rule of decision in federal court, state law does. Contrary to the assumption of several recent commentators, however, Erie itself does not tell the federal court how to ascertain what is the law of the state, and the refrain that federal courts are to predict what the state supreme court would decide not only proves unhelpful upon examination, but also has tended to confuse the courts themselves in recent years. Yet federal courts routinely face questions of state law that admit of no clear answer under state precedents. In this Article, I argue that federal courts must exercise their own independent judgment in resolving unsettled state-law issues according to their own calculations of best outcomes, and I explain why this approach comports with the principles of Erie and its progeny. Two other possible positions are flawed: one, which has gained currency in the last decade, is that federal courts are incompetent to opine on unsettled state-law issues and should therefore employ every artifice to avoid doing so, and the other, which derives from academic work of two decades earlier, suggests that federal courts have superior technical competence and should therefore instruct state courts regarding the proper resolution of unsettled state-law issues. My approach also clarifies the meaning of the “prediction of state law” metaphor and answers the troublesome question of the proper weight for district courts to accord federal appellate predictions

Leveraging Learners for Teaching Programming and Hardware Design at Scale

In a massive open online course (MOOC), a single pro-gramming or digital hardware design exercise may yield thousands of student solutions that vary in many ways, some superï¬ cial and some fundamental. Understanding large-scale variation in student solutions is a hard but important problem. For teachers, this variation can be a source of pedagogically valuable examples and expose corner cases not yet covered by autograding. For students, the variation in a large class means that other students may have struggled along a similar solution path, hit the same bugs, and can offer hints based on that earned expertise. We developed three systems to take advantage of the solu-tion variation in large classes, using program analysis and learnersourcing. All three systems have been evaluated using data or live deployments in on-campus or edX courses with thousands of students

Theory of magnetic deflagration

Theory of magnetic deflagration (avalanches) in crystals of molecular magnets has been developed. The phenomenon resembles the burning of a chemical substance, with the Zeeman energy playing the role of the chemical energy. Non-destructive reversible character of magnetic deflagration, as well as the possibility to continuously tune the flammability of the crystal by changing the magnetic field, makes molecular magnets an attractive toy system for a detailed study of the burning process. Besides simplicity, new features, as compared to the chemical burning, include possibility of quantum decay of metastable spin states and strong temperature dependence of the heat capacity and thermal conductivity. We obtain analytical and numerical solutions for criteria of the ignition of magnetic deflagration, and compute the ignition rate and the speed of the developed deflagration front.Comment: 17 Pages, 17 Figure caption

Intussusception Status-Post Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

[West J Emerg Med. 2012;13(1):96–97.

Feature engineering for clustering student solutions

Open-ended homework problems such as coding assignments give students a broad range of freedom for the design of solutions. We aim to use the diversity in correct solutions to enhance student learning by automatically suggesting alternate solutions. Our approach is to perform a two-level hierarchical clustering of student solutions to first partition them based on the choice of algorithm and then partition solutions implementing the same algorithm based on low-level implementation details. Our initial investigations in domains of introductory programming and computer architecture demonstrate that we need two different classes of features to perform effective clustering at the two levels, namely abstract features and concrete features

Foobaz: Variable Name Feedback for Student Code at Scale

Current traditional feedback methods, such as hand-grading student code for substance and style, are labor intensive and do not scale. We created a user interface that addresses feedback at scale for a particular and important aspect of code quality: variable names. We built this user interface on top of an existing back-end that distinguishes variables by their behavior in the program. Therefore our interface not only allows teachers to comment on poor variable names, they can comment on names that mislead the reader about the variable's role in the program. We ran two user studies in which 10 teachers and 6 students created and received feedback, respectively. The interface helped teachers give personalized variable name feedback on thousands of student solutions from an edX introductory programming MOOC. In the second study, students composed solutions to the same programming assignments and immediately received personalized quizzes composed by teachers in the previous user study.Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Amar Bose Teaching Fellowship)Quanta Computer (Firm) (Qmulus Project

Utilizing the Power of Continuous Process Improvement in Technical Services

Objective: Examine the efficiency of work processes in the Technical Services Department, with the goal of reducing the turnaround time by 50% or more for three specific processes: (1) acquiring books for requestors; (2) implementing serials title changes; and (3) handling of journal issues from receipt to binding. Method: In summer 2003 the Library initiated a Continuous Process Improvement project. The project’s goal is to reduce time and/or save money by examining and improving work processes. The charge for the Technical Services team is to (1) reduce the turnaround time by 50% or more for firm orders from when the book is ordered to when it reaches the requestor; (2) reduce the time it takes by 50% or more to implement a serials title change, which involves staff throughout the library; and (3) reduce the time it takes by 50% or more for a newly-received journal issue to reach the shelf and eventually be bound. The team is utilizing value-added flow analysis to examine the processes and will make recommendations to management for changes to be implemented in a pilot project. Results: The Team met weekly over four months to identify the specific steps involved in each process, review the time involved in completing each task, analyze whether or not the step added value, and suggest improvements to the process. Team members documented and timed current workflow in spreadsheets and flowcharts. The Team proposed a number of procedural changes and initiatives that were accepted by library management for a five-month pilot project which is now ongoing. Important components of the implementation are establishing procedures for better communication and additional staff training. Conclusion: Value-added flow analysis is a useful tool for continuous process improvement. The Library’s goal of reducing turnaround time by 50% or more for these three specific processes will be achieved, as demonstrated in the pilot project. Technical Services will be better able to serve its internal and external customers. Presented at the Medical Library Association Annual Meeting, Washington, DC, on May 25, 2004

Quantum Magnetic Deflagration in Mn12 Acetate

We report controlled ignition of magnetization reversal avalanches by surface acoustic waves in a single crystal of Mn12 acetate. Our data show that the speed of the avalanche exhibits maxima on the magnetic field at the tunneling resonances of Mn12. Combined with the evidence of magnetic deflagration in Mn12 acetate (Suzuki et al., cond-mat/0506569) this suggests a novel physical phenomenon: deflagration assisted by quantum tunneling.Comment: 4 figure