Giving Competency Its Day in Court - In re Fellman

This Note will examine the decision in In re Fellman,4 where the Superior Court of Pennsylvania determined that the issue of competency was a matter for the courts, not arbitration, to determine.5 Furthermore, this Note will explain how Fellman is consistent with cases concerning different issues, but which similarly denied arbitrators authority based upon similar reasoning

Strengthening embargoes and enhancing human security.

yesArms embargoes are one of the principal tools of states in seeking to prevent, limit and bring an end to armed conflict and human rights abuses. Despite the frequency with which arms embargoes have been imposed, there are significant problems with their implementation. Pressure is therefore growing for the international governmental community to act in order to ensure that the political commitment embodied by the imposition of arms embargoes is matched by the commitment to ensure their rigorous enforcement and to achieve enhanced human security on the ground. Increasing the effectiveness of arms embargoes is a specific aim of the United Nations Programme of Action for Preventing and Combating the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects1 which specifically calls upon states "To take appropriate measures, including all legal or administrative means, against any activity that violates a United Nations Security Council arms embargo in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations".2 Accordingly, within the context of the implementation of the UN PoA, the overall aim of this paper is to explore ways in which the international community can act in order to strengthen the impact of arms embargoes and enhance human security. It will begin by examining the purposes, processes and effects relating to arms embargoes, with particular attention to those agreed at international (UN) level, and by highlighting issues of concern in each regard. An overview of the main issues and challenges facing implementation of arms embargoes will include the elaboration of three case-study examples showing the impact of UN arms embargoes on the availability of arms and on human security and a further five that illustrate the dilemmas faced by states in seeking to implement arms embargoes. Priority areas for attention in any international effort to strengthen the effectiveness of arms embargoes will be followed by more extensive proposals for enhancing international embargo regimes within the context of implementing the UN PoA. Whilst it is recognised that the UN PoA contains measures that relate only to the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons (SALW), if implemented fully, many of these would serve to strengthen the international apparatus of control, information exchange and provision of assistance relating to arms proliferation and misuse as a whole. In turn, this would greatly enhance the implementation of UN arms embargoes. Therefore, as well as providing an opportunity for reviewing progress on implementing the PoA, the first Biennial Meeting of States in July 2003 is clearly a major opportunity for states to address a number of the pressing challenges facing states in the implementation of UN embargoes

Power system applications of fiber optic sensors

This document is a progress report of work done in 1985 on the Communications and Control for Electric Power Systems Project at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. These topics are covered: Electric Field Measurement, Fiber Optic Temperature Sensing, and Optical Power transfer. Work was done on the measurement of ac and dc electric fields. A prototype sensor for measuring alternating fields was made using a very simple electroscope approach. An electronic field mill sensor for dc fields was made using a fiber optic readout, so that the entire probe could be operated isolated from ground. There are several instances in which more precise knowledge of the temperature of electrical power apparatus would be useful. This report describes a number of methods whereby the distributed temperature profile can be obtained using a fiber optic sensor. The ability to energize electronics by means of an optical fiber has the advantage that electrical isolation is maintained at low cost. In order to accomplish this, it is necessary to convert the light energy into electrical form by means of photovoltaic cells. JPL has developed an array of PV cells in gallium arsenide specifically for this purpose. This work is described

Bi and Mn Nanostructures on the Si(001) Surface

With the increasing miniaturisation of electronics, it is becoming important to study nanoscale systems, down to the control and manipulation of individual atoms. This work focuses on several different structures, all on the technologically important Si(001) surface, including individual spin active Bi adatoms, the Bi nanoline and the Mn nanowire. Research in this area is guided by both experimental results and theoretical simulations. Here I explore the latter, via Density Functional Theory, with a particular focus on simulated STM images, demonstrating both the successes and limitations of these techniques. This work aims to both explain experimental results and suggest new experimental avenues. Adsorption of individual Bi atoms on Si(001) shows promise for quantum computing applications, due to the existence of spin active adsorption sites. However, rapid diffusion makes them unsuitable for real world applications. Selective depassivation of the H:Si(001) surface is shown to be a viable technique for trapping spin active Bi atoms, and offers the possibility of targeted Bi incorporation. Nanolines of Bi, which spontaneously form on Si(001) have been extensively studied, both experimentally and theoretically. Recent experimental STM results have shown a strong bias dependence to the appearance of the nanolines, and here I present simulations which successfully explain these results. I also present further studies into defects on the nanoline. I also studied nanowires that form when Mn is adsorbed on Si(001), which offer the possibility of magnetic nanowires. However, at present their physical structure is still unknown, despite prior efforts to address this. Here I present a thorough investigation into potential models for the Mn nanowire, encompassing prior models, their extensions and other surface or subsurface Mn arrangements. This remains an open problem, although identification of specific features in the experimental images, and deficiencies in previous models, has furthered our understanding of the problem

Electronic coupling between Bi nanolines and the Si(001) substrate: An experimental and theoretical study

Atomic nanolines are one dimensional systems realized by assembling many atoms on a substrate into long arrays. The electronic properties of the nanolines depend on those of the substrate. Here, we demonstrate that to fully understand the electronic properties of Bi nanolines on clean Si(001) several different contributions must be accounted for. Scanning tunneling microscopy reveals a variety of different patterns along the nanolines as the imaging bias is varied. We observe an electronic phase shift of the Bi dimers, associated with imaging atomic p-orbitals, and an electronic coupling between the Bi nanoline and neighbouring Si dimers, which influences the appearance of both. Understanding the interplay between the Bi nanolines and Si substrate could open a novel route to modifying the electronic properties of the nanolines.Comment: 6 pages (main), 2 pages (SI), accepted by Phys. Rev.