Study of Ceramic Slurries for Investment Casting with Ice Patterns

Ice patterns generated by rapid freeze prototyping or a molding process can be used to make ceramic investment molds for metal castings. Due to the use of ice, the ceramic slurries must be poured around the pattern and cured at sub-freezing temperatures. Success of this process depends greatly on the mold strength after the gelation of the slurries. This paper describes the experimental results of the mold strength after the gelation of the slurries under different compositions. The parameters considered include mixing time, alumino-silicate vs. fused silica ratio, volume of binder, and volume of catalyst. The strength of the gelled slurries is examined by breaking test bars on a four-point bending apparatus. Weibull modulus for each trial is calculated based on the breaking strength from four-point bend tests. Analysis of variance for breaking strength and Weibull analysis is performed to evaluate the significance of the effect of each parameter. The casting of a bolt is used to demonstrate that metal castings of complex geometry can be fabricated using investment casting with ice patterns.Mechanical Engineerin

Modeling and Validation of Temperature and Concentration for Rapid Freeze Prototyping

Rapid Freeze Prototyping is a solid freeform fabrication process that uses water as the main build material in a cold environment to create three-dimensional parts. A eutectic sugar-water solution (C6H12O6 – H2O) has been used as a sacrificial material in order to create complex 3D parts with features such as overhangs. A study of the interaction of the build and support materials is presented in this paper. The temperature of both materials during deposition and subsequent cooling is modeled using a semi-empirical model and a theoretical model. A concentration model is used to predict the concentration in the fabricated parts around the interface of the two materials with predicted temperatures as input. Experiments are conducted to validate both the temperature and concentration models.Mechanical Engineerin

Transmitter switch for high-power microwave output

Combiner system can be used for combining output powers of two transmitters or for switching from one to the other. This can be done when pair of transmitters operate on same frequency and carriers are phase coherent as by excitation from single exciter

Study on Incorporating Support Material in Rapid Freeze Prototyping

Rapid Freeze Prototyping (RFP) is a rapid prototyping method that uses water freezing into ice to make three-dimensional parts. Each layer of a geometry is deposited and allowed to freeze before the next layer is added. Using a support material in RFP is a relatively new addition to the process. Validating the successful use of a support material in conjunction with the main build material of water is presented in this paper. The support material selected for use is a eutectic sugar solution. The selection criteria, properties, and characteristics of the support material are discussed. Of particular interest is the diffusion between the support and main build material, which must be minimized to an acceptable level for producing good quality, reproducible, complex parts.Mechanical Engineerin

Shell Cracking In Investment Casting with Laser Stereolithography Patterns

This paper presents an investigation of ceramic shell cracking during the burnout process in investment casting with internally webbed laser stereolithography patterns. We hypothesize that shell cracking will occur when the rupture temperature of the ceramic shell is lower than both the glass transition temperature of the pattern material and the web· link buckling temperature. The hypothesis is validated by our experimental observations which confirm the numerical predictions from our fillite element analysis. This provides a basis for design of the internal web geometry of a lithography pa.tternand evaluation ofthe burnolltprocesswithsuch a pattern. We show the shell cracking and web link buckling temperatures to be functiollsofthe pattern geometry (including the cross~sectional dimensions and span length of the web link) and the shell thickness.Mechanical Engineerin

Interruption of Medium-Voltage Direct-Currents by Seperation of Contact Elements in Mineral Oil Using an Ultra Fast Electro-Magnetic Actuator

The increasing usage of medium-voltage direct-current in upcoming electrical energy grid topologies requests novel solutions for MVDC switching. The interruption of direct-currents is accomplished by enforcing a current zero crossing by adequate means and preventing reignition due to the recovering dc voltage. This paper evaluates the rapid separation of the contact elements in mineral oil leading to a liquid flow around the contact elements and the switching arc. The energy turnover of dielectric liquids interacting with an electric arc is considerably higher leading to heavily increased arc voltages compared to dielectric gases. This paper confirms results of earlier publications and carries them further towards a possible usage in an MVDC switching or protection device. Thus a contact arrangement surrounded by mineral oil in combination with an ultra fast electro-magnetic actuator is introduced and performed measurements are discussed

Templated self-assembly of sub-10 nm quantum dots

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2008.Includes bibliographical references.Patterned templates can guide the self-assembly of nanoparticles into ordered arrays. Our motivation in pursuing templated self-assembly is to develop a robust method for the creation of ordered structures at length scales below ten nanometers. The basic process entails creating surface relief templates via electron-beam lithography, and spin-coating a suspension of colloidal nanoparticles onto the template. As the solvent evaporates, the quantum dots self-assemble primarily through the capillary forces created by the dewetting of the template. We demonstrate this technique at sub-10nm length scales by spin-coating a solution of organically-capped CdZnS semiconducting quantum dots onto nanopatterned grating structures on silicon substrates. We observe the geometric confinement of the quantum dots via physical templating and capillary forces into well-ordered monolayer aggregates with defined lattice orientations. While recent research has demonstrated the ability to self-assemble sub-10nm metallic nanoparticles via capillary forces into physical templates of similar size, this work is unique in the demonstration of lattice orientation control via physical templating at sub-10nm length scales.by Joshua C. Leu.S.M

Freeform Extrusion of High Solids Loading Ceramic Slurries, Part I: Extrusion Process Modeling

A novel solid freeform fabrication method has been developed for the manufacture of ceramic-based components in an environmentally friendly fashion. The method is based on the extrusion of ceramic slurries using water as the binding media. Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) is currently being used as the part material and solids loading as high as 60 vol. % has been achieved. This paper describes a manufacturing machine that has been developed for the extrusion of high solids loading ceramic slurries. A critical component of the machine is the deposition system, which consists of a syringe, a plunger, a ram actuated by a motor that forces the plunger down to extrude material, and a load cell to measure the extrusion force. An empirical, dynamic model of the ceramic extrusion process, where the input is the commanded ram velocity and the output is the extrusion force, is developed. Several experiments are conducted and empirical modeling techniques are utilized to construct the dynamic model. The results demonstrate that the ceramic extrusion process has a very slow dynamic response, as compared to other non-compressible fluids such as water. A substantial amount of variation exists in the ceramic extrusion process, most notably in the transient dynamics, and a constant ram velocity may either produce a relatively constant steady-state extrusion force or it may cause the extrusion force to steadily increase until the ram motor skips. The ceramic extrusion process is also subjected to significant disturbances such as air bubble release, which causes a dramatic decrease in the extrusion force, and nozzle clogging, which causes the extrusion force to slowly increase until the clog is released or the ram motor skips.Mechanical Engineerin

Freeform Extrusion of High Solids Loading Ceramic Slurries, Part II: Extrusion Process Control

Part I of this paper provided a detailed description of a novel fabrication machine for high solids loading ceramic slurry extrusion and presented an empirical model of the ceramic extrusion process, with ram velocity as the input and extrusion force as the output. A constant force is desirable in freeform extrusion processes as it correlates with a constant material deposition rate and, thus, good part quality. The experimental results in Part I demonstrated that a constant ram velocity will produce a transient extrusion force. In some instances the extrusion force increased until ram motor skipping occurred. Further, process disturbances, such as air bubble release and nozzle clogging that cause sudden changes in extrusion force, were often present. In this paper a feedback controller for the ceramic extrusion process is designed and experimentally implemented. The controller intelligently adjusts the ram motor velocity to maintain a constant extrusion force. Since there is tremendous variability in the extrusion process characteristics, an on-off controller is utilized in this paper. Comparisons are made between parts fabricated with and without the feedback control. It is demonstrated that the use of the feedback control reduces the effect of process disturbances (i.e., air bubble release and nozzle clogging) and dramatically improves part quality.Mechanical Engineerin

Determination and Improvement of Building Speed in Rapid Freeze Prototyping 514

Rapid freeze prototyping (RFP) is a solid freeform fabrication process that builds an ice part by rapidly freezing water in a layer by layer manner. One advantage of this process is the ability to build ice parts faster than other SFF processes. The factors that affect the speed of contour building and interior filling in RFP are identified. The influence of these factors is analyzed through heat transfer and material flow analyses. A model based on heat transfer analysis is proposed to determine the maximum achievable speed of contour building under stable conditions. Experiments are conducted to validate the performance of the proposed model for determination of building speed.Mechanical Engineerin