A Review of Restaurant Valuation Literature - The Pre 2005 Perspective

This research examines pre 2005 restaurant valuation literature in an effort to identify unexplored areas in this emerging field. Although much has been written regarding valuation in general, there has been very little appraisal literature focusing specifically on restaurants. Of the research that has been conducted, there has been some controversy about whether the appropriate value of a restaurant is a market value or a going concern value. We also explore the continuing usage of “rules of thumb” in restaurant valuation. Although these rules are often based in theory as well as practice, their breadth can severely limit their usefulness. Accordingly, we examine the prevalence of rule-of-thumb usage in the literature and hope that this may motivate academic researchers to find evidence of the relative accuracy of these informal tools

Splice variants of DOMINO control Drosophila circadian behavior and pacemaker neuron maintenance.

Circadian clocks control daily rhythms in behavior and physiology. In Drosophila, the small ventral lateral neurons (sLNvs) expressing PIGMENT DISPERSING FACTOR (PDF) are the master pacemaker neurons generating locomotor rhythms. Despite the importance of sLNvs and PDF in circadian behavior, little is known about factors that control sLNvs maintenance and PDF accumulation. Here, we identify the Drosophila SWI2/SNF2 protein DOMINO (DOM) as a key regulator of circadian behavior. Depletion of DOM in circadian neurons eliminates morning anticipatory activity under light dark cycle and impairs behavioral rhythmicity in constant darkness. Interestingly, the two major splice variants of DOM, DOM-A and DOM-B have distinct circadian functions. DOM-A depletion mainly leads to arrhythmic behavior, while DOM-B knockdown lengthens circadian period without affecting the circadian rhythmicity. Both DOM-A and DOM-B bind to the promoter regions of key pacemaker genes period and timeless, and regulate their protein expression. However, we identify that only DOM-A is required for the maintenance of sLNvs and transcription of pdf. Lastly, constitutive activation of PDF-receptor signaling rescued the arrhythmia and period lengthening of DOM downregulation. Taken together, our findings reveal that two splice variants of DOM play distinct roles in circadian rhythms through regulating abundance of pacemaker proteins and sLNvs maintenance

All CVD Boron Nitride Encapsulated Graphene FETs with CMOS Compatible Metal Edge Contacts

We report on the fabrication and characterization of field effect transistors (FETs) based on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) graphene encapsulated between few layer CVD boron nitride (BN) sheets with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) compatible nickel edge contacts. Non-contact Tera-hertz time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) of large-area BN/graphene/BN (BN/G/BN) stacks reveals average sheet conductivity >1 mS/sq and average mobility of 2500 cm$^{2}$/Vs. Improved output conductance is observed in direct current (DC) measurements under ambient conditions, indicating potential for radio-frequency (RF) applications. Moreover, we report a maximum voltage gain of 6 dB from a low frequency signal amplifier circuit. RF characterization of the GFETs yields an f$_{T}$ x L$_{g}$ product of 2.64 GHz$\mu$m and an f$_{Max}$ x L$_{g}$ product of 5.88 GHz$\mu$m. This study presents for the first time THz-TDS usage in combination with other characterization methods for device performance assessment on BN/G/BN stacks. The results serve as a step towards scalable, all CVD 2D material-based FETs for CMOS compatible future nanoelectronic circuit architectures.Comment: 6 page

Hybrid core-multishell nanowire forests for electrical connector applications

Electrical connectors based on hybrid core-multishell nanowire forests that require low engagement forces are demonstrated. The physical binding and electrical connectivity of the nanowire electrical connectors arise from the van der Waals interactions between the conductive metallic shells of the engaged nanowire forests. Specifically, the nanofibrillar structure of the connectors causes an amplification of the contact area between the interpenetrating nanowire arrays, resulting in strong adhesion with relatively low interfacial resistance. The nanowire electrical connectors may enable the exploration of a wide range of applications involving reversible assembly of micro- and macroscale components with built-in electrical interfacing.open151

Water Demand in the Rock River Water Supply Planning Region, 2010-2060

Estimates of water demand in the Rock River Water Supply Planning Region (WSPR) were developed for the period 2010 to 2060. The estimates were developed separately for five major water demand sectors: (1) public supply; (2) self-supplied domestic; (3) self-supplied thermoelectric power generation; (4) self-supplied industrial and commercial; and (5) self-supplied irrigation, livestock, and environmental. Estimates were developed for all sectors on a county level and for public supply at a facility level for 42 dominant public systems, including the largest systems in each county. The techniques used to develop estimates differed by sector and included unit demand methods and multiple regressions. These methods provided estimates of future demand as a function of demand drivers and explanatory variables for many sectors and subsectors. Explanatory variables are those that influence unit rates of water demand, such as summer-season temperature and precipitation, median household income, marginal price of water, employment-to-population ratio, labor productivity, and precipitation deficits during the irrigation season. For most sectors and subsectors, total demand was estimated by multiplying unit rates of water demand by demand drivers. Demand drivers included such measures as population served by public systems, population served by domestic wells, number of employees, gross thermoelectric power generation, irrigated cropland acreage, irrigated golf course acreage, and head counts of various livestock types. For each sector, three scenarios were developed of future water demand that reflect different sets of plausible socioeconomic and weather conditions. These include a less resource intensive (LRI) scenario, a current trends (CT) (or baseline) scenario, and a more resource intensive (MRI) scenario. A “normal” climate, based on 1981-2010 climate “normals,” was assumed in all scenarios. Although the estimates suggest a plausible range of future demands, they do not represent forecasts or predictions nor indicate upper and lower bounds of future water demand. Different assumptions or different future conditions could result in predicted or actual water demands that are outside of this range.Total water demand in the Rock River WSPR was an estimated 1332 million gallons per day (Mgd) in 2010. Demand for self-supplied water for thermoelectric power generation dominates water demand in the region, making up 87 percent of the total water use, or about 1160 Mgd. Water for thermoelectric power generation is used almost entirely for cooling and generally returned to the source water body from which it was withdrawn, and thus is considered to be mainly non-consumptive. The consumptive loss, mainly in the form of evaporation, was estimated to be about 67 Mgd in 2010, or about 3.7 percent of the total. The CT and LRI scenarios assumed that regional gross thermoelectric power generation remains constant from 2010 to 2060, with no change in water demand. The MRI scenario assumed that one new thermoelectric plant having a gross capacity of 1200 MW with a closed-loop cooling system supplied with surface water would begin operations in Lee County in 2030. This would increase regional water demand for the thermoelectric power generation sector by 11 Mgd to 1171 Mgd.The second most important demand sector in the Rock River WSPR was public water systems, at 79 Mgd in 2010. Two counties accounted for more than 60 percent of the public water system demand, Winnebago County accounting for about 39 percent and Rock Island County about 23 percent. The irrigation, livestock, and environmental (ILE) sector was the next most important sector, with a demand of 52 Mgd in 2010, and most of this demand was for irrigation of cropland. Two counties, Whiteside and Lee, accounted for about 61 percent of the 2 irrigation demand in the region. The self-supplied industrial-commercial sector had a demand of 28 Mgd in 2010, with Rock Island County accounting for about half of this demand. The self-supplied domestic sector had the smallest demands, with 11 Mgd in 2010. Domestic demand was spread fairly evenly across the region, ranging from 0.4 Mgd (Lee County) to 1.6 Mgd (Ogle County). From 2010 to 2060, total demand in the region, not considering thermoelectric power generation, is estimated to decrease by 9 Mgd under the LRI scenario and increase 51 Mgd under the CT scenario and 141 Mgd under the MRI scenario. Most of the increase in total demand is accounted for by increases in self-supplied ILE demand, primarily for irrigated cropland. ILE demand is predicted to increase from between 7 Mgd (LRI) and 92 Mgd (MRI). The decrease in demand predicted by the LRI scenario is primarily due to decreasing demand (-16 Mgd) in the public supply sector. The sector totals for the thermoelectric power generation and industrial-commercial sectors are subject to revision, specifically, the simulation of new power plants and water-intensive industrial facilities as well as the retirement of existing facilities.Three climate change scenarios, ranging from hot/dry to warm/wet, were analyzed to determine the impact that increasing temperature and changing precipitation patterns could have on water demands. Public water system demands were calculated to increase between 6.0 and 8.7 percent because of climate change, and increases in domestic demands were similar. Irrigation demands varied from a decrease of 3.2 percent in a wetter future environment to an increase of 10.1 percent in a drier environment. The impact of periodic droughts was also examined. For a severe drought, public water system demand was calculated to increase by 8.7 percent and cropland irrigation demand by 34.0 percent. Demands would return to normal once the drought ended.Illinois Department of Natural Resourcespublished or submitted for publicationis peer reviewedOpe

Water Demand in the Kankakee Water Supply Planning Subregion, 2010-2060

Estimates of water demand in the Kankakee River Water Supply Planning Subregion were developed for the period 2010 to 2060. The estimates were developed separately for five major water demand sectors: (1) public supply; (2) self-supplied domestic; (3) self-supplied thermoelectric power generation; (4) self-supplied industrial and commercial; and (5) self-supplied irrigation, livestock, and environmental. Estimates were developed for all sectors on a county level and for public supply at a facility level for 12 dominant public systems, including the largest systems in each county. The techniques used to develop estimates differed by sector and included unit-demand methods and multiple regressions. These methods provided estimates of future demand as a function of demand drivers and explanatory variables for many sectors and subsectors. Explanatory variables are those that influence unit rates of water demand, such as summer-season temperature and precipitation, median household income, marginal price of water, employment-to-population ratio, labor productivity, and precipitation deficits during the irrigation season. For most sectors and subsectors, total demand was estimated by multiplying unit rates of water demand by demand drivers. Demand drivers included such measures as population served by public systems, population served by domestic wells, number of employees, gross thermoelectric power generation, irrigated cropland acreage, irrigated golf course acreage, and head counts of various livestock types. For each sector, three scenarios were developed of future water demand that reflect different sets of plausible socioeconomic and weather conditions. These include a less resource intensive (LRI) scenario, a current trends (CT) (or baseline) scenario, and a more resource intensive (MRI) scenario. A “normal” climate, based on 1981-2010 climate “normals,” was assumed in all scenarios. Although the estimates suggest a plausible range of future demands, they do not represent forecasts or predictions nor indicate upper and lower bounds of future water demand. Different assumptions or different future conditions could result in predicted or actual water demands that are outside of this range.Total water demand in the Kankakee subregion was an estimated 39 million gallons per day (Mgd) in 2010. The largest demand sector was public water supply. Public water demand was 18.0 Mgd in 2010, about 46 percent of the total regional demand. Most of that demand occurred in Kankakee County (14.3 Mgd). The next largest sector was self-supplied irrigation, livestock, and environmental (ILE). ILE demands were 13.2 Mgd in 2010, with most of that in Kankakee County (9.3 Mgd). Demands for self-supplied industrial -commercial and self-supplied domestic were 5.3 Mgd and 2.6 Mgd, respectively, in 2010. As with the other sectors, the majority of the demand was in Kankakee County. Because there are no thermoelectric power-generating facilities in the region, there is currently no demand for that sector. From 2010 to 2060, total demand in the region is estimated to increase by 1.6 Mgd under the LRI scenario, 14.6 Mgd under the CT scenario, and 36.0 Mgd under the MRI scenario. The largest increase for all three scenarios is expected in the ILE sector, primarily irrigated cropland. A smaller increase is expected in the industrial-commercial sectors for all three scenarios. Public supply demand is expected to increase under the CT and MRI scenarios, but decrease slightlyunder the LRI scenario. Self-supplied domestic demands decrease under all three scenarios. For the CT and LRI scenarios, there are no estimated demands for thermoelectric power generation. For the MRI scenario, it was assumed that a single plant would come online in 2020, with a constant annual demand of approximately 11 Mgd between 2020 and 2060. Three climate change scenarios, ranging from hot/dry to warm/wet, were analyzed to determine the impact that increasing temperature and changing precipitation patterns could have on water demands. Public water system demands were calculated to increase between 6.9 and 10.0 percent because of climate change, and increases in domestic demands were similar. Irrigation demands varied from a decrease of 2.5 percent in a wetter future environment to an increase of 10.7 percent in a drier environment. The impact of periodic droughts was also examined. For a severe drought, public water system demand was calculated to increase by 13.2 percent and cropland irrigation demand by 36.6 percent. Demands would return to normal once the drought ended.Illinois Department of Natural Resourcespublished or submitted for publicationis peer reviewedOpe

Water Demand in the Middle Illinois Water Supply Planning Region, 2010-2060

Estimates of water demand in the Middle Illinois Water Supply Planning Region (WSPR) were developed for the period 2010 to 2060. The estimates were developed separately for five major water demand sectors: (1) public supply; (2) self-supplied domestic; (3) self-supplied thermoelectric power generation; (4) self-supplied industrial and commercial; and (5) self-supplied irrigation, livestock, and environmental. Estimates were developed for all sectors on a county level and for public supply at a facility level for 24 dominant public systems, including the largest systems in each county. The techniques used to develop estimates differed by sector and included unit-demand methods and multiple regressions. These methods provided estimates of future demand as a function of demand drivers and explanatory variables for many sectors and subsectors. Explanatory variables are those that influence unit rates of water demand, such as summer-season temperature and precipitation, median household income, marginal price of water, employment-to-population ratio, labor productivity, and precipitation deficits during the irrigation season. For most sectors and subsectors, total demand was estimated by multiplying unit rates of water demand by demand drivers. Demand drivers included such measures as population served by public systems, population served by domestic wells, number of employees, gross thermoelectric power generation, irrigated cropland acreage, irrigated golf course acreage, and head counts of various livestock types. For each sector, three scenarios were developed of future water demand that reflect different sets of plausible socioeconomic and weather conditions. These include a less resource intensive (LRI) scenario, a current trends (CT) (or baseline) scenario, and a more resource intensive (MRI) scenario. A “normal” climate, based on 1981-2010 climate “normals,” was assumed in all scenarios. Although the estimates suggest a plausible range of future demands, they do not represent forecasts or predictions nor indicate upper and lower bounds of future water demand. Different assumptions or different future conditions could result in predicted or actual water demands that are outside of this range.Total water demand in the Middle Illinois WSPR was an estimated 866 million gallons per day (Mgd) in 2010. Demand for self-supplied water for thermoelectric power generation dominates water demand in the region, making up 76 percent of the total water usage, or about 655 Mgd. Water for thermoelectric power generation is used almost entirely for cooling and generally returned to the source water body from which it was withdrawn, and thus is considered to be mainly non-consumptive. The consumptive loss, mainly in the form of evaporation, was an estimated 77 Mgd in 2010, or about 12 percent of the total. The CT and MRI scenarios assumedthat regional gross thermoelectric power generation remains constant from 2010 to 2060, with no change in water demand. The LRI scenario assumed that a single 136-megawatt (MW) generator at the E.D. Edwards power plant was retired in 2015, reducing the regional water demand to 588 Mgd.Self-supplied industrial-commercial was the next most important water demand sector in the Middle Illinois WSPR, with a demand of 150 Mgd in 2010, with Peoria County accounting for about 85 percent of this demand. The next most important demand sector was public water systems, at 46 Mgd in 2010, with Peoria County accounting for about 52 percent. The two remaining sectors, domestic and irrigation, livestock, and environmental combined accounted for 14 Mgd in 2010, or less than 2 percent of the total demand in the region.From 2010 to 2060, total demand in the region, not considering thermoelectric power generation, is estimated to increase by 241 Mgd under the LRI scenario, 320 Mgd under the CT scenario, and 425 Mgd under the MRI scenario. Most of the increase in total demand under all scenarios, particularly the CT and MRI scenarios, is accounted for by increases in self-supplied industrial-commercial demand. Sector totals for the thermoelectric power generation and industrial commercial sectors are subject to revision, specifically, the simulation of new power plants and water-intensive industrial facilities as well as the retirement of existing facilities.Three climate change scenarios, ranging from hot/dry to warm/wet, were analyzed to determine the impact that increasing temperature and changing precipitation patterns could have on water demands. Public water system demands were calculated to increase between 6.1 and 9.1 percent because of climate change, and increases in domestic demands were similar. Irrigation demands varied from a decrease of 11.5 percent in a wetter future environment to an increase of 1.3 percent in a drier environment. The impact of periodic droughts was also examined. For a severe drought, public water system demand was calculated to increase by 12.4 percent and cropland irrigation demand by 36.6 percent. Demands would return to normal once the drought ended.Illinois Department of Natural Resourcespublished or submitted for publicationis peer reviewedOpe

CVD Graphene Contacts for Lateral Heterostructure MoS2{_2} Field Effect Transistors

Intensive research is carried out on two-dimensional materials, in particular molybdenum disulfide, towards high-performance transistors for integrated circuits. Fabricating transistors with ohmic contacts is challenging due to the high Schottky barrier that severely limits the transistors' performance. Graphene-based heterostructures can be used in addition or as a substitute for unsuitable metals. We present lateral heterostructure transistors made of scalable chemical vapor-deposited molybdenum disulfide and chemical vapor-deposited graphene with low contact resistances of about 9 k{\Omega}{\mu}m and high on/off current ratios of 10${^8}. We also present a theoretical model calibrated on our experiments showing further potential for scaling transistors and contact areas into the few nanometers range and the possibility of a strong performance enhancement by means of layer optimizations that would make transistors promising for use in future logic circuits.Comment: 23 page