Serum sodium changes in marathon participants who use NSAIDs

Introduction: The primary mechanism through which the development of exercise-associated hyponatraemia (EAH) occurs is excessive fluid intake. However, many internal and external factors have a role in the maintenance of total body water and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) have been implicated as a risk factor for the development of EAH. This study aimed to compare serum sodium concentrations ([Na]) in participants taking an NSAID before or during a marathon (NSAID group) and those not taking an NSAID (control group). Methods: Participants in a large city marathon were recruited during race registration to participate in this study. Blood samples and body mass measurements took place on the morning of the marathon and immediately post marathon. Blood was analysed for [Na]. Data collected via questionnaires included athlete demographics, NSAID use and estimated fluid intake. Results: We obtained a full data set for 28 participants. Of these 28 participants, 16 took an NSAID on the day of the marathon. The average serum [Na] decreased by 2.1 mmol/L in the NSAID group, while it increased by 2.3 mmol/L in the control group NSAID group (p=0.0039). Estimated fluid intake was inversely correlated with both post-marathon serum [Na] and ∆ serum [Na] (r=-0.532, p=0.004 and r=-0.405 p=0.032, respectively). Conclusion: Serum [Na] levels in participants who used an NSAID decreased over the course of the marathon while it increased in those who did not use an NSAID. Excessive fluid intake during a marathon was associated with a lower post-marathon serum [Na]

Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of diagnostic imaging methods for the diagnosis of ectopic ureters in the dog

Σκοπός της αναδρομικής αυτής μελέτης είναι η διερεύνηση της ευαισθησίας, ειδικότητας και ακρίβειας των απεικονιστικών μεθόδων που χρησιμοποιούνται για τη διάγνωση του έκτοπου ουρητήρα στο σκύλο. Μελετήθηκε αρχειακό υλικό του νοσοκομείου ζώων Queen Mother Hospital for animals του Royal Veterinary College της Μεγάλης Βρετανίας από το Νοέμβριο του 1995 μέχρι τον Ιανουάριο του 2006. Μόνο σκύλοι με τουλάχιστον μία ακτινολογική μελέτη με χρήση σκιαγραφικής ουσίας, υπερηχογραφική εξέταση, εξέταση των ουρητήρων και χειρουργική διάγνωση συμπεριελήφθησαν. Πραγματοποιήθηκε συγκριτική αξιολόγηση της ενδοφλέβιας ουρογραφίας (ΕΟ), παλλίνδρομης ουρογραφίας (ΠΟ), υπερηχογραφικής εξέτασης (ΥΠΟ) και χειρουργικής διάγνωσης. Όλα τα περιστατικά αξιολογήθηκαν ανά ουρητήρα ξεχωριστά, αλλά και με βάση το περιστατικό συνολικά ανεξάρτητα από την απόληξη του κάθε ουρητήρα. Η ΥΠΟ βρέθηκε να έχει την υψηλότερη ευαισθησία, ειδικότητα και ακρίβεια ανά περιστατικό και με βάση την τελική διάγνωση, ενώ η ΕΟ είχε υψηλότερη ευαισθησία στην ανάλυση ανά ουρητήρα. Το κυριότερο μειονέκτημα της ΥΠΟ είναι η μη εντόπιση της σωστής θέσης του έκτοπου ουρητήρα. Όταν η ανάλυση πραγματοποιήθηκε με βάση την τελική διάγνωση του περιστατικού και ανεξάρτητα από την απόληξη του κάθε ουρητήρα, η ΥΠΟ είχε τέλεια ευαισθησία, ειδικότητα και ακρίβεια. Η χαμηλότερη ειδικότητα και ακρίβεια των μεθόδων ΕΟ και ΠΟ φαίνεται να σχετίζεται με τη δυσκολία αναγνώρισης της θέσης απόληξης των ουρητήρων. The clinical records of dogs with urinary incontinence, examined at the Queen Mother Hospital for animals between November 1995 and January 2006, were reviewed. Only dogs that had at least one contrast radiographic study, ultrasonographic examination of the ureters and surgical diagnosis were included. All the cases were examined on an individual ureter basis and on a case basis. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were calculated for intravenous urography, retrograde urethrography or retrograde vaginourethrography and ultrasonographic examination of the ureterovescicular junctions. Ultrasonographic examination of the ureterovescicular junctions had the higher sensitivity, specificity and accuracy from the imaging methods with only intravenous urography having mildly higher sensitivity when examined on a ureter base. The main failure of ultrasonographic examination of the ureterovescicular junctions was the identification of the correct side of ectopia. When evaluated on a case basis ultrasonographic examination of the ureterovescicular junctions had perfect sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. The lower mainly specificity and accuracy of intravenous urography and retrograde urethrography or retrograde vaginourethrography were probably related to the difficulty in identifying the location of the ureterovesicular junction

A 16-nm SoC for Noise-Robust Speech and NLP Edge AI Inference With Bayesian Sound Source Separation and Attention-Based DNNs

The proliferation of personal artificial intelligence (AI) -assistant technologies with speech-based conversational AI interfaces is driving the exponential growth in the consumer Internet of Things (IoT) market. As these technologies are being applied to keyword spotting (KWS), automatic speech recognition (ASR), natural language processing (NLP), and text-to-speech (TTS) applications, it is of paramount importance that they provide uncompromising performance for context learning in long sequences, which is a key benefit of the attention mechanism, and that they work seamlessly in polyphonic environments. In this work, we present a 25-mm $^2$ system-on-chip (SoC) in 16-nm FinFET technology, codenamed SM6, which executes end-to-end speech-enhancing attention-based ASR and NLP workloads. The SoC includes: 1) FlexASR, a highly reconfigurable NLP inference processor optimized for whole-model acceleration of bidirectional attention-based sequence-to-sequence (seq2seq) deep neural networks (DNNs); 2) a Markov random field source separation engine (MSSE), a probabilistic graphical model accelerator for unsupervised inference via Gibbs sampling, used for sound source separation; 3) a dual-core Arm Cortex A53 CPU cluster, which provides on-demand single Instruction/multiple data (SIMD) fast fourier transform (FFT) processing and performs various application logic (e.g., expectation–maximization (EM) algorithm and 8-bit floating-point (FP8) quantization); and 4) an always-on M0 subsystem for audio detection and power management. Measurement results demonstrate the efficiency ranges of 2.6–7.8 TFLOPs/W and 4.33–17.6 Gsamples/s/W for FlexASR and MSSE, respectively; MSSE denoising performance allowing 6 $\times$ smaller ASR model to be stored on-chip with negligible accuracy loss; and 2.24-mJ energy consumption while achieving real-time throughput, end-to-end, and per-frame ASR latencies of 18 ms

Dominance of Objects over Context in a Mediotemporal Lobe Model of Schizophrenia

Background: A large body of evidence suggests impaired context processing in schizophrenia. Here we propose that this impairment arises from defective integration of mediotemporal ‘what ’ and ‘where ’ routes, carrying object and spatial information to the hippocampus. Methodology and Findings: We have previously shown, in a mediotemporal lobe (MTL) model, that the abnormal connectivity between MTL regions observed in schizophrenia can explain the episodic memory deficits associated with the disorder. Here we show that the same neuropathology leads to several context processing deficits observed in patients with schizophrenia: 1) failure to choose subordinate stimuli over dominant ones when the former fit the context, 2) decreased contextual constraints in memory retrieval, as reflected in increased false alarm rates and 3) impaired retrieval of contextual information in source monitoring. Model analyses show that these deficits occur because the ‘schizophrenic MTL ’ forms fragmented episodic representations, in which objects are overrepresented at the expense of spatial contextual information. Conclusions and Significance: These findings highlight the importance of MTL neuropathology in schizophrenia, demonstrating that it may underlie a broad spectrum of deficits, including context processing and memory impairments. It is argued that these processing deficits may contribute to central schizophrenia symptoms such as contextuall

Radiographic assessment of the femorotibial joint of the CCLT rabbit experimental model of osteoarthritis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The purposes of the study were to determine the relevance and validity of in vivo non-invasive radiographic assessment of the CCLT (Cranial Cruciate Ligament Transection) rabbit model of osteoarthritis (OA) and to estimate the pertinence, reliability and reproducibility of a radiographic OA (ROA) grading scale and associated radiographic atlas.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In vivo non-invasive extended non weight-bearing radiography of the rabbit femorotibial joint was standardized. Two hundred and fifty radiographs from control and CCLT rabbits up to five months after surgery were reviewed by three readers. They subsequently constructed an original semi-quantitative grading scale as well as an illustrative atlas of individual ROA feature for the medial compartment. To measure agreements, five readers independently scored the same radiographic sample using this atlas and three of them performed a second reading. To evaluate the pertinence of the ROA grading scale, ROA results were compared with gross examination in forty operated and ten control rabbits.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Radiographic osteophytes of medial femoral condyles and medial tibial condyles were scored on a four point scale and dichotomously for osteophytes of medial fabella. Medial joint space width was scored as normal, reduced or absent. Each ROA features was well correlated with gross examination (p < 0.001). ICCs of each ROA features demonstrated excellent agreement between readers and within reading. Global ROA score gave the highest ICCs value for between (ICC 0.93; CI 0.90-0.96) and within (ICC ranged from 0.94 to 0.96) observer agreements. Among all individual ROA features, medial joint space width scoring gave the highest overall reliability and reproducibility and was correlated with both meniscal and cartilage macroscopic lesions (r_s= 0.68 and r_s= 0.58, p < 0.001 respectively). Radiographic osteophytes of the medial femoral condyle gave the lowest agreements while being well correlated with the macroscopic osteophytes (r_s= 0.64, p < 0.001).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Non-invasive in vivo radiography of the rabbit femorotibial joint is feasible, relevant and allows a reproducible grading of experimentally induced OA lesion. The radiographic grading scale and atlas presented could be used as a template for in vivo non invasive grading of ROA in preclinical studies and could allow future comparisons between studies.</p

An Ecological Alternative to Snodgrass & Vanderwart: 360 High Quality Colour Images with Norms for Seven Psycholinguistic Variables

This work presents a new set of 360 high quality colour images belonging to 23 semantic subcategories. Two hundred and thirty-six Spanish speakers named the items and also provided data from seven relevant psycholinguistic variables: age of acquisition, familiarity, manipulability, name agreement, typicality and visual complexity. Furthermore, we also present lexical frequency data derived from Internet search hits. Apart from the high number of variables evaluated, knowing that it affects the processing of stimuli, this new set presents important advantages over other similar image corpi: (a) this corpus presents a broad number of subcategories and images; for example, this will permit researchers to select stimuli of appropriate difficulty as required, (e.g., to deal with problems derived from ceiling effects); (b) the fact of using coloured stimuli provides a more realistic, ecologically-valid, representation of real life objects. In sum, this set of stimuli provides a useful tool for research on visual object-and word- processing, both in neurological patients and in healthy controls

From sea monsters to charismatic megafauna: changes in perception and use of large marine animals

Marine megafauna has always elicited contrasting feelings. In the past, large marine animals were often depicted as fantastic mythological creatures and dangerous monsters, while also arousing human curiosity. Marine megafauna has been a valuable resource to exploit, leading to the collapse of populations and local extinctions. In addition, some species have been perceived as competitors of fishers for marine resources and were often actively culled. Since the 1970s, there has been a change in the perception and use of megafauna. The growth of marine tourism, increasingly oriented towards the observation of wildlife, has driven a shift from extractive to non-extractive use, supporting the conservation of at least some species of marine megafauna. In this paper, we review and compare the changes in the perception and use of three megafaunal groups, cetaceans, elasmobranchs and groupers, with a special focus on European cultures. We highlight the main drivers and the timing of these changes, compare different taxonomic groups and species, and highlight the implications for management and conservation. One of the main drivers of the shift in perception, shared by all the three groups of megafauna, has been a general increase in curiosity towards wildlife, stimulated inter alia by documentaries (from the early 1970s onwards), and also promoted by easy access to scuba diving. At the same time, environmental campaigns have been developed to raise public awareness regarding marine wildlife, especially cetaceans, a process greatly facilitated by the rise of Internet and the World Wide Web. Currently, all the three groups (cetaceans, elasmobranchs and groupers) may represent valuable resources for ecotourism. Strikingly, the economic value of live specimens may exceed their value for human consumption. A further change in perception involving all the three groups is related to a growing understanding and appreciation of their key ecological role. The shift from extractive to non-extractive use has the potential for promoting species conservation and local economic growth. However, the change in use may not benefit the original stakeholders (e.g. fishers or whalers) and there may therefore be a case for providing compensation for disadvantaged stakeholders. Moreover, it is increasingly clear that even non-extractive use may have a negative impact on marine megafauna, therefore regulations are needed.SFRH/BPD/102494/2014, UID/MAR/04292/2019, IS1403info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio