Side-entrainment in a jet embedded in a sidewind

Numerical simulations of HH jets never show side-entrainment of environmental material into the jet beam. This is because the bow shock associated with the jet head pushes the surrounding environment into a dense shell, which is never in direct contact with the sides of the jet beam. We present 3D simulations in which a side-streaming motion (representing the motion of the outflow source through the surrounding medium) pushes the post-bow shock shell into direct contact with the jet beam. This is a possible mechanism for modelling well collimated "molecular jets" as an atomic/ionic flow which entrains molecules initially present only in the surrounding environment.Comment: 8 pages, 12 figures, 1 table, accepted for publication in Ap

Seawater‐Degradable Polymers—Fighting the Marine Plastic Pollution

Polymers shape human life but they also have been identified as pollutants in the oceans due to their long lifetime and low degradability. Recently, various researchers have studied the impact of (micro)plastics on marine life, biodiversity, and potential toxicity. Even if the consequences are still heavily discussed, prevention of unnecessary waste is desired. Especially, newly designed polymers that degrade in seawater are discussed as potential alternatives to commodity polymers in certain applications. Biodegradable polymers that degrade in vivo (used for biomedical applications) or during composting often exhibit too slow degradation rates in seawater. To date, no comprehensive summary for the degradation performance of polymers in seawater has been reported, nor are the studies for seawater-degradation following uniform standards. This review summarizes concepts, mechanisms, and other factors affecting the degradation process in seawater of several biodegradable polymers or polymer blends. As most of such materials cannot degrade or degrade too slowly, strategies and innovative routes for the preparation of seawater-degradable polymers with rapid degradation in natural environments are reviewed. It is believed that this selection will help to further understand and drive the development of seawater-degradable polymers

CHANGES IN ISOMETRIC AND ISOKINETIC STRENGTH, POSTURAL BALANCE AND ENDURANCE AFTER THAI-BO TRAINING PROGRAM

The objective of the present study was to examine the influence of a long term Thai-Bo training program on muscular strength of the knee muscles, postural balance, and cardiovascular parameters. Thirty-five volunteers participated in two groups. Pre-and posttest with measuring of isometric and isokinetic strength of knee extension/flexion as well as postural balance on a force plate were performed before and after a weekly six-months training period. Furthermore cardiovascular parameters were measured during a stepwise increasing cycle ergometry. The results showed a significant increase of isometric strength and isokinetic strength at 600 /s in addition to an improvement in postural balance. Also a significant improvement of cardiovascular parameters in retest could be demonstrated

Different activation energies in glucose uptake in Saccharomyces cerevisiae DFY1 suggest two transport systems

AbstractThe analysis of initial glucose uptake in Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 25°, 20°, 15° and 10°C by computer-assisted nonlinear regression analysis predicts two transport systems. The first demonstrates Michaelis–Menten kinetics and the second shows first order behaviour. The activation energies of these two systems were calculated by the Arrhenius equation at four different growth phases, namely early exponential (EE), middle exponential (ME2), late exponential (LE) and early stationary (ES) with 2% glucose in the batch medium. The activation energies calculated from the Vm values in EE, ME, LE and ES growth phases were 15.8±1.7, 13.5±1.0, 15.1±0.8 and 13.5±0.7 kcal/mol. These values are in agreement with activation energies calculated for the first mechanism, facilitated diffusion, which is the mechanism deduced from countertransport experiments. The activation energies derived for the second transport system from the first order rate constants in cells grown to EE, ME2, LE and ES were 8.0±2.1, 8.1±1.3, 9.6±3.0 and 7.5±2.6 kcal/mol. These values are still significantly higher than for free diffusion of glucose in water and lower as predicted for passage of glucose through the lipid phase. Therefore, we assume in addition to carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion the entrance of glucose into the cell through a pore

SPECIFIC TRAINING CAN IMPROVE SENSORIMOTOR CONTROL IN TYPE 2 DIABETIC PATIENTS

Diabetes mellitus often is associated with proprioceptive and sensory deficits as a result of distal diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN). The aim of this prospective controlled longitudinal trial was to evaluate a specific sport intervention program regarding sensorimotor capabilities in type 2 diabetic patients compared to healthy controls. A higher incidence of fall-related injuries is given in the literature (Allet et al.2008; Allet et al 2009)

The mechanisms of North Atlantic CO2 uptake in a large Earth System Model ensemble

The oceans currently take up around a quarter of the carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted by human activity. While stored in the ocean, this CO2 is not influencing Earth's radiation budget; the ocean CO2 sink therefore plays an important role in mitigating global warming. CO2 uptake by the oceans is heterogeneous, with the subpolar North Atlantic being the strongest CO2 sink region. Observations over the last 2 decades have indicated that CO2 uptake by the subpolar North Atlantic sink can vary rapidly. Given the importance of this sink and its apparent variability, it is critical that we understand the mechanisms behind its operation. Here we explore the combined natural and anthropogenic subpolar North Atlantic CO2 uptake across a large ensemble of Earth System Model simulations, and find that models show a peak in sink strength around the middle of the century after which CO2 uptake begins to decline. We identify different drivers of change on interannual and multidecadal timescales. Short-term variability appears to be driven by fluctuations in regional seawater temperature and alkalinity, whereas the longer-term evolution throughout the coming century is largely occurring through a counterintuitive response to rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations. At high atmospheric CO2 concentrations the contrasting Revelle factors between the low latitude water and the subpolar gyre, combined with the transport of surface waters from the low latitudes to the subpolar gyre, means that the subpolar CO2 uptake capacity is largely satisfied from its southern boundary rather than through air-sea CO2 flux. Our findings indicate that: (i) we can explain the mechanisms of subpolar North Atlantic CO2 uptake variability across a broad range of Earth System Models; (ii) a focus on understanding the mechanisms behind contemporary variability may not directly tell us about how the sink will change in the future; (iii) to identify long-term change in the North Atlantic CO2 sink we should focus observational resources on monitoring lower latitude as well as the subpolar seawater CO2; (iv) recent observations of a weakening subpolar North Atlantic CO2 sink may suggest that the sink strength has peaked and is in long-term decline.This work was supported by the EU FP7 Collaborative Project CarboOcean (Grant Agreement Number 264879), the Joint DECC/Defra Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme (GA01101), and the NERC directed research programme RAGNARoCC (NE/K002473/1)

Deployment of RDFa, Microdata, and Microformats on the Web – A Quantitative Analysis

More and more websites embed structured data describing for instance products, reviews, blog posts, people, organizations, events, and cooking recipes into their HTML pages using markup standards such as Microformats, Microdata and RDFa. This development has accelerated in the last two years as major Web companies, such as Google, Facebook, Yahoo!, and Microsoft, have started to use the embedded data within their applications. In this paper, we analyze the adoption of RDFa, Microdata, and Microformats across the Web. Our study is based on a large public Web crawl dating from early 2012 and consisting of 3 billion HTML pages which originate from over 40 million websites. The analysis reveals the deployment of the different markup standards, the main topical areas of the published data as well as the different vocabularies that are used within each topical area to represent data. What distinguishes our work from earlier studies, published by the large Web companies, is that the analyzed crawl as well as the extracted data are publicly available. This allows our findings to be verified and to be used as starting points for further domain-specific investigations as well as for focused information extraction endeavors

Exploring the Iron‐Binding Potential of the Ocean Using a Combined pH and DOC Parameterization

The major part of dissolved iron (DFe) in seawater is bound to organic matter, which prevents iron from adsorptive removal by sinking particles and essentially regulates the residence time of DFe and its availability for marine biota. Characteristics of iron‐binding ligands highly depend on their biological origin and physico‐chemical properties of seawater which may intensely alter under ongoing climate change. To understand environmental controls on the iron binding, we applied a function of pH and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to describe changes in the binding strength of organic ligands in a global biogeochemical model (REcoM). This function was derived based on calculations using a thermodynamic chemical speciation model NICA. This parameterization considerably improved the modeled DFe distribution, particularly in the surface Pacific and the global mesopelagic and deep waters, compared to our previous model simulations with a constant ligand or one prognostic ligand. This indicates that the organic binding of iron is apparently controlled by seawater pH in addition to its link to organic matter. We tested further the response of this control to environmental changes in a simulation with future pH of a high emission scenario. The response of the binding potential shows a complex pattern in different regions and is regulated by factors that have opposite effects on the binding potential. The relative contributions of these factors can change over time by a continual change of environmental conditions. A dynamic feedback system therefore needs to be considered to predict the marine iron cycle under ongoing climate change