A characterization of community fish refuge typologies in rice field fisheries ecosystems

In rural Cambodia, fish is a source of food and income to millions of people. However, there has been a real threat to fish populations in natural wetlands due to the degradation of aquatic biodiversity and habitat, illegal fishing, increase of population and demand for fish, and the use of harmful pesticides for agriculture. The Rice Field Fisheries Enhancement Project (RFFEP) seeks to rebuild and protect the fish populations through innovative methods. The project works with communities to sustainably strengthen the rice field fisheries near their villages by improving protected habitats called "community fish refuges". This handbook characterizes rice field fisheries that are connected to community fish refuges. Community fish refuges are designated fish conservation areas promoted by the Fisheries Administration of the Royal Cambodian Government. It also examines the characteristics of rain-fed rice field ecosystems that are connected to community fish refuges in order to further refine descriptive criteria and better understand potential benefits and management strategies

Socially cued developmental plasticity affects condition-dependent trait expression

Condition-dependent sexually selected traits are thought to indicate an individual's quality or breeding value for fitness. Variation in developmental environments, however, introduces much complexity to resource allocation, and therefore, to phenotypic expression. The extent to which environment-specific developmental tactics interact with resource allocation and impinge on the relationship between condition and adult phenotype remains largely untested. Here, we used the black field cricket (Teleogryllus commodus), a species known to modify allocation tactics in response to both nutrition and social environments, to examine whether socially cued plasticity affects condition-dependent trait expression. We reared juvenile males in a 2 by 2 factorial experiment, crossing 2 social environments with 2 diets, and examined allocation toward life-history, morphological traits and costly sexual signaling (i.e., calling) in adulthood. Although diet significantly affected phenotypes during the second-last juvenile stadium, shifts in development rate in response to both the nutrient and social environment during the last juvenile stadium obscured the effects of condition on male phenotypes. Our results suggest that sexually selected signals may be poor indicators of individual quality due to interactions among sources of environmental variance. We suggest that the correlation between trait expression and condition is more complex under natural environments than most literature in this area assume

Efektivitas Malacca Strait Patrol dalam Mengatasi Pembajakan dan Perampokan Bersenjata di Perairan Selat Malaka (2009-2014)

The Malacca Strait is a strategic lane under the sovereignty of four countries in Southeast Asia: Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand, which are highly vulnerable to maritime crimes, such as piracy and armed robbery against ships. Indonesia Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand are litoral states, which are fully responsible for everything that happens in the region. Piracy and armed robbery in the Malacca Strait are detrimental to litoral states and user states on the economic, economic, security and sovereignty aspects. The purpose of this research is to determine the effectiveness of Malacca Strait Patrol in combating piracy and robbery in Malacca Strait 2009-2014. In this research, the researcher used institutional neo-liberal theory to analyze the effectiveness of Malacca Strait Patrol on each indicator of source or input approach, process approach, and target or output approach. The method of research is descriptive qualitative method, and doing technique of data collection of literature study and interview. The result of this research is that Malacca Strait Patrol has been successful and effective in combating piracy and armed robbery in the Malacca Strait based on the indicator of effectiveness on source or input approaches, process approaches, and target or output approaches. Litoral states have implemented all of the terms of reference (TOR) and standard operating procedures (SOP) of Malacca Strait Patrol (MSP) properly and correctly, so that the incidents of piracy and armed robbery in the Strait of Malacca can be minimalized

Dimethyl 6H,12H-5,11-methano­dibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazo­cine-2,8-diacetate

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C21H22N2O4, a Tröger’s base analogue derived from methyl 4-amino­phenyl­acetate, contains two crystallographically independent mol­ecules with dihedral angles of 88.44 (5) and 88.68 (6)° between the two benzene rings

5,11-Dimethyl­dibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazocine-6,12(5H,11H)-dione

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C16H14N2O2, an N,N′-dimethyl­dianthranilide, the two methyl groups are disordered over two positions; site occupation factors were kept fixed as 0.75:0.25 and 0.65:0.35. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 75.57 (3)°

6H,12H-5,11-Ethano­dibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazo­cine

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C16H16N2, the ethano-strapped analogue of unsubstituted Tröger’s base, the dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 75.85 (4)°, the smallest angle measured for an ethano-strapped analogue

Diethyl 6H,12H-5,11-methano­dibenzo[b,f][1,5]diazo­cine-1,7-dicarboxyl­ate

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C21H22N2O4, the 1,7-diethyl ester analogue of Tröger’s base, the dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 93.16 (3)°; the mol­ecule is C 2 symmetric

Klebsiella pneumoniae related community-acquired acute lower respiratory infections in CAMBODIA: clinical characteristics and treatment

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In many Asian countries, <it>Klebsiella pneumoniae </it>(KP) is the second pathogen responsible for community-acquired pneumonia. Yet, very little is known about <it>KP </it>etiology in ALRI in Cambodia, a country that has one of the weakest medical infrastructures in the region. We present here the first clinico-radiological description of <it>KP </it>community-acquired ALRI in hospitalized Cambodian patients.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Through ALRI surveillance in two provincial hospitals, <it>KP </it>was isolated from sputum and blood cultures, and identified by API20E gallery from patients ≥ 5 years-old with fever and respiratory symptoms onset ≤14 days. Antibiotics susceptibility testing was provided systematically to clinicians when bacteria were isolated. We collected patients' clinical, radiological and microbiological data and their outcome 3 months after discharge. We also compared <it>KP</it>-related with other bacteria-related ALRI to determine risk factors for <it>KP </it>infection.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>From April 2007 to December 2009, 2315 ALRI patients ≥ 5 years-old were enrolled including 587 whose bacterial etiology could be assigned. Of these, 47 (8.0%) had <it>KP </it>infection; their median age was 55 years and 68.1% were females. Reported prior medication was high (42.5%). Patients' chest radiographs showed pneumonia (61.3% including 39% that were necrotizing), preexisting parenchyma lesions (29.5%) and pleural effusions alone (4.5%) and normal parenchyma (4.5%). Five patients had severe conditions on admission and one patient died during hospitalization. Of the 39 patients that were hospital discharged, 14 died including 12 within 1 month after discharge. Only 13 patients (28%) received an appropriate antibiotherapy. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) - producing strains were found in 8 (17.0%) patients. Female gender (Odds ratio (OR) 2.1; <it>p </it>= 0.04) and diabetes mellitus (OR 3.1; <it>p </it>= 0.03) were independent risk factors for <it>KP</it>-related ALRI.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p><it>KP </it>ALRI in Cambodia has high fatality rate, are more frequently found in women, and should be considered in diabetic patients. The extremely high frequency of ESBL-producing strains in the study is alarming in the context of uncontrolled antibiotic consumption and in absence of microbiology capacity in most public-sector hospitals.</p

The selective mono and difunctionalization of carbocyclic cleft molecules with pyridyl groups and X-ray crystallographic analysis

This article was published in the journal Tetrahedron [© Elsevier Ltd]. The definitive version is available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2010.10.027The diesterification and selective mono and dialkylation of carbocyclic analogues of Tröger’s base with pyridyl groups has been achieved in high yield and good selectivity giving access to a novel range of cleft molecules capable of binding events. Reaction conditions for the selective functionalization of this carbocyclic cleft molecule are discussed as well as the solid state structures of these newly synthesized ligands