Regional growth and unemployment. The validity of Okun's law for the Finnish regions

International audienceThis paper offers a concise critical overview of Okun's Law, with particular attention for its relevance in open economic systems of regions. Based on an extensive set of economic data for Finnish regions, the existence of cointegration is tested using alternative statistical methods, viz. the residual-based test and the conditional error correction model. A novelty of the paper is to combine a method of hidden cointegrations with a method of removing cross-sectional dependence. After correcting for hidden cointegrations and cross-sectional dependence, both statistical methods used yield almost similar results and confirm the presence of cointegration for the relevant data on Finnish regions. The long-run Okun relationship for regions in Finland appears to confirm results found elsewhere in the literature on countries as a whole, although the coefficients tend to be smaller.Cette communication présente un aperçu critique concis de la loi d'Okun, et se penche tout particulièrement sur sa pertinence éventuelle pour les systèmes économiques ouverts dans les régions. Sur la base d'un ensemble de données économiques approfondies concernant les régions finnoises, on procède à des essais de l'existence d'une co-intégration, en appliquant des méthodes statistiques alternatives, à savoir les essais à base résiduelle et le modèle de correction des erreurs conditionnelles. Une nouveauté contenue dans cette communication est la combinaison d'une méthode de co-intégrations cachées avec une méthode d'élimination de la dépendance transversale. Après des corrections tenant compte des co-intégrations cachées et de la dépendance transversale, les deux méthodes statistiques utilisées produisent des résultats similaires, et confirment la présence d'une co-intégration pour les données relatives aux régions finnoises. Les rapports de longue durée de la loi d'Okun appliquée aux régions de la Finlande semblent confirmer les résultats relevés ailleurs dans la documentation générale sur les pays, même si les coefficients ont tendance à être plus petits

Evaluation of effectiveness of silicoorganic treatments using hydric properties

14 páginas, 1 tablaIn this work, the effectiveness of silicoorganic treatments for the consolidation, with or without waterproofing, of silicified stones (one conglomerate and four sandstones) from Zamora is analyzed, provided that these treatments are applied in the same way. Changes in the following properties have been monitored: total and free porosity, real and apparent density, absorption coefficient, imbibition coefficient, and capillary absorption coefficient. These intrinsic stone properties and the treatments employed have a significant effect on changes in these variables and lead to differences in the transport of fluid in the stone. This is the first time that the Canonical Biplot has been applied to this type of data to determine the control of the effectiveness of silicoorganic treatments applied to rocks. It was observed that the double action treatment RC80, which includes both waterproofing and consolidating, is more effective than the consolidating treatment RC70.The authors are grateful for financial support for this work from the Ministry of Education and Science (CGL2007-62168BET and FEDER funds) and Ministry of Science, Innovation (MAT2010-20660) and Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (PGC2018-098151-B-100).Peer reviewe

Heritage Stone 5. Silicified Granites (Bleeding Stone and Ochre Granite) as Global Heritage Stone Resources from Ávila, Central Spain

Silicified granites were used to build the Romanesque monuments in the city of Ávila, Spain. The building stones comprise two types of granite based on their technical properties and colour: Bleeding Stone (Piedra Sangrante) and Ochre Granite (Caleño). They were used as a facing stone in the city´s Romanesque monuments of the 12th century (e.g. the cathedral and church of San Pedro), and the famous city walls that constitute the best example of military Romanesque Spanish architecture. During the Gothic and Renaissance periods of the 13th and 15th centuries, silicified granites were used mainly to build ribbed vaults, the voissoirs of the arches, and elements of the windows in the monuments of Ávila.    Silicified granites are found in the intermediate and upper part of a complex palaeoweathering zone or mantle developed on the Iberian Hercynian Basement which underlies much of the western Iberian Peninsula. The silicification occurred during tropical conditions in the Mesozoic. The weathered mantle was truncated by Alpine tectonic movements during the Tertiary, and its remnants were unconformably overlain by more recent sediments in the western and southern part of the Duero Basin and along the northern edge of the Amblés Valley graben. The historical, and now protected, quarry is located in a village called La Colilla, about 5 km from the city of Ávila. Currently, this stone is exploited only for restoration work performed in the city, for example the Walls of Ávila, and the church of San Pedro. The resource is limited and being depleted, so the stone will be scarce in the near future. Consequently, these silicified granites should be recognized as a Global Heritage Stone Resource.   The specific technical properties of these stones and their historic use, decay patterns, durability, and suitability for conservation treatments combine to support its designation as a Global Heritage Stone Resource.RÉSUMÉDes granites silicifiés ont été utilisés pour construire les monuments romans dans la ville d’Ávila, en Espagne.  Les pierres de construction comprennent deux types de granite selon leurs propriétés techniques et leur couleur : Bleeding Stone (Piedra sangrante) et Ochre Granite (Caleño).  Ils ont été utilisés comme pierre de revêtement de monuments romans du 12ème siècle de la ville (par exemple la cathédrale et de l'église de San Pedro), et pour les célèbres remparts de la ville qui constituent le meilleur exemple de l'architecture espagnole romane militaire.  Durant les périodes gothique et Renaissance des 13e et 15e siècles, les granites silicifiés ont été utilisés principalement pour construire des croisés d'ogives, des voussoirs d’arcs et des éléments de fenêtres des monuments d’Ávila.     Les granites silicifiés se trouvent dans la partie intermédiaire et supérieure d'une zone complexe de paléo-altération ou de manteau développée sur le socle ibérique hercynien qui supporte une grande partie de la péninsule ibérique occidentale.  La silicification s’est produite dans des conditions tropicales au Mésozoïque.  Le matériau mantélique altéré a été tronqué par des mouvements tectoniques alpins au cours du Tertiaire, et ses restes ont été recouverts en discordance par des sédiments plus récents dans la partie ouest et sud du bassin de Duero, et le long de la bordure nord de la vallée en graben d’Amblés.  L’ancienne carrière, maintenant protégée, est située dans un village appelé La Colilla, à environ 5 km de la ville d’Ávila.  Actuellement, cette pierre est exploitée uniquement pour les travaux de restauration effectués dans la ville, par exemple les murs d’Ávila, et l'église de San Pedro.  La ressource est limitée et en voie d'épuisement, de sorte que la pierre sera rare dans un proche avenir.  Par conséquent, ces granites silicifiés devraient être reconnus en tant que pierre du Patrimoine mondial des ressources en pierre.   Les propriétés techniques spécifiques de ces pierres et leur valeur historique, leurs modes de désintégration, leur durabilité et leur pertinence pour la conservation patrimoniale justifient leur désignation en tant que roche du Patrimoine mondial des ressources en pierre.                                                             Traduit par le Traducteu

Multivariate analyses of soluble salts responsible for pathologies in granites of the roman aquecuct of Segovia, Spain.

8 páginas, 2 figuras, 3 tablasThe aim of this work is to characterize the main pathologies caused by salt crystallization in granitic monuments (crusts, salt efflorescence, disaggregation and disaggregation with salt efflorescence). Water soluble ions were determined quantitatively. Using the Canonical Biplot multivariate method it was determined that: a) there is a relationship between the content of water soluble salts and the different identified pathologies; b) sulphate and NO3 -, Cl-, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Na+ ions are the major components of salt efflorescence; c) carbonate is a major component of the crust; and d) the disaggregated granites, with or without salt efflorescence, have a low proportion of soluble salts but no predominant ion composition.The authors are grateful for the funding received from the Town Hall of Segovia, and the National Plan project funded by the Ministry of Education and Science (CGL2007-62168BET and FEDER funds) and Ministry of Science and Innovation (MAT2010-20660)], which permitted this work to be carried out.Peer reviewe

Evaluation of colorimetric changes in the Itaquera granite of the Ramos de Azevedo Monument, São Paulo, Brazil

10 páginas, 6 figurasItaquera Granite, as a building stone material, was widely used in the early 20th century for the construction of buildings and monuments in the centre of the city of São Paulo, Brazil. The color variation of the Itaquera Granite of the Ramos de Azevedo Monument was monitored for two years and these data were compared with those obtained for fresh stone originated from a historic quarry. The oxidation of iron-rich minerals present in this granite, coupled with pollution (high levels of O3), biological colonization, leaching of bronze, and the dissolution and reprecipitation of mortar, causes colorimetric changes in the stone. Measurements were also performed on zones of the monument with pathologies. Two statistical Canonical Biplot analyses were made on the data of chromatic coordinates monitored (L*, a*, b*, C* and H*): orientation/year and orientation/pathologies. The results obtained for the chromatic variation in the monument are primarily related to yellowing caused by deposition of atmospheric pollutants and weathering of iron-rich minerals.FAPESP (Foundation for Research Support of the State of São Paulo) for granting the master’s scholarship (proj. no. 2011/03728-0) and research grant (proj. no. 2009/02519-8)Peer reviewe

Magnetic Properties of MBE Grown La0.6Sr0.4MnO3 Thin Films

Honorable Mention Winner This project investigates the magnetic properties of a La1-xSrxMnO3 (x = 0.40) sample of high quality. This sample was grown one atomic layer at a time by Prof. Warusawithana using UNF’s Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) machine. These magnetic properties are investigated over a range of temperatures from 5 to 400 K in fields up to 7 T. We make use of the techniques to analyze the sample to determine to a high degree of precision the critical temperature of the sample, we determined it to be 252 K. We further identified the saturated magnetization, remnant magnetization, and coercive field at 5 K to be 0.00733 emu/g, 0.00563 emu/g and 0.0090 T respectivel

Overriding plate, mantle wedge, slab, and subslab contributions to seismic anisotropy beneath the northern Central Andean Plateau

The Central Andean Plateau, the second-highest plateau on Earth, overlies the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the central portion of South America. The origin of the high topography remains poorly understood, and this puzzle is intimately tied to unanswered questions about processes in the upper mantle, including possible removal of the overriding plate lithosphere and interaction with the flow field that results from the driving forces associated with subduction. Observations of seismic anisotropy can provide important constraints on mantle flow geometry in subduction systems. The interpretation of seismic anisotropy measurements in subduction settings can be challenging, however, because different parts of the subduction system may contribute, including the overriding plate, the mantle wedge above the slab, the slab itself, and the deep upper mantle beneath the slab. Here we present measurements of shear wave splitting for core phases (SKS, SKKS, PKS, and sSKS), local S, and source-side teleseismic S phases that sample the upper mantle beneath southern Peru and northern Bolivia, relying mostly on data from the CAUGHT experiment. We find evidence for seismic anisotropy within most portions of the subduction system, although the overriding plate itself likely makes only a small contribution to the observed delay times. Average fast orientations generally trend roughly trench-parallel to trench-oblique, contradicting predictions from the simplest two-dimensional flow models and olivine fabric scenarios. Our measurements suggest complex, layered anisotropy beneath the northern portion of the Central Andean Plateau, with significant departures from a two-dimensional mantle flow regime

Aceitacào do e-commerce na Colombia: um estudo para a cidade de Medellín

E-Commerce is an increasing phenomenon in Latin America and Colombia, that is why, its technological acceptance is very important academically and for business. The objective of this article is to identify the e-commerce use background in Colombia. Technological Acceptance Model (TAM) is complemented in this study with constructs of confidence and perceived security to propose an adjusted model for Colombian case. This model is empirically contrasted with a consumers sample from Medellín. It is evident the importance of confidence and perceived benefit as direct background of the intention of using e-Commerce, and the ease of use and perceived security as indirect background. Results fill gaps in literature on e-commerce in Colombia and allow identifying relevant business implications for commercial activities development through the internet.El e-Commerce es un fenómeno creciente en Latinoamérica y Colombia por lo que el estudio de su aceptación tecnológica es de alta importancia académica y empresarial. El objetivo de este artículo es identificar los antecedentes de la intención de uso de e-Commerce en Colombia. El Modelo de Aceptación Tecnológica (TAM), es complementado en este estudio con los constructos de Confianza y Seguridad Percibida para proponer un modelo ajustado al caso colombiano. Dicho modelo es contrastado empíricamente con una muestra de consumidores de la ciudad de Medellín. Se evidencia la importancia de la confianza y la utilidad percibida como antecedentes directos de la intención de uso del e-Commerce. Los resultados llenan vacíos existentes en la literatura sobre el e-Commerce en Colombia y permiten identificar implicaciones empresariales relevantes para el desarrollo de actividades comerciales a través de la InternetO e-Commerce é um fenómeno crescente na América Latina e na Colombia. Por isto o estudo da sua aceitagáo tecnológica é de alta importancia académica e empresarial. O objetivo deste artigo é identificar os antecedentes da intengáo de uso de e-Commerce na Colombia. O Modelo de Aceitagáo Tecnológica (TAM) é complementado neste estudo pelos constructos de Confianga e Seguranga Percebida com o fim de propor um modelo adequado ao caso colombiano. Referido modelo é contrastado empiricamente com uma mostra de consumidores da cidade de Medellín. Com isto se evidencia a importancia da confianga e da utilidade percebida como antecedentes diretos da intengáo do uso do e-Commerce, e a facilidade do uso e da seguranga percebida como antecedentes indiretos. Os resultados preenchem vazios existentes na literatura sobre o e-Commerce na Colombia e permitem identificar envolvimentos empresariais relevantes para o desenvolvimento de atividades comerciais através da Internet

Papel del método biplot canónico en el estudio de compuestos volátiles en quesos de composición variable

The canonical biplot method (CB) is used to determine the discriminatory power of volatile chemical compounds in cheese. These volatile compounds were used as variables in order to differentiate among 6 groups or populations of cheeses (combinations of two seasons (winter and summer) with 3 types of cheese (cow, sheep and goat’s milk). We analyzed a total of 17 volatile compounds by means of gas chromatography coupled with mass detection. The compounds included aldehydes and methyl-aldehydes, alcohols (primary, secondary and branched chain), ketones, methyl-ketones and esters in winter (WC) and summer (SC) cow’s cheeses, winter (WSh) and summer (SSh) sheep’s cheeses and in winter (WG) and summer (SG) goat’s cheeses. The CB method allows differences to be found as a function of the elaboration of the cheeses, the seasonality of the milk, and the separation of the six groups of cheeses, characterizing the specific volatile chemical compounds responsible for such differences.El m.todo biplot can.nico (CB) se utiliza para determinar el poder discriminatorio de compuestos qu.micos vol.tiles en queso. Los compuestos vol.tiles se utilizan como variables con el fin de diferenciar entre los 6 grupos o poblaciones de quesos (combinaciones de dos temporadas (invierno y verano) con 3 tipos de queso (vaca, oveja y cabra). Se analizan un total de 17 compuestos vol.tiles por medio de cromatograf.a de gases acoplada con detecci.n de masas. Los compuestos incluyen aldeh.dos y metil-aldeh.dos, alcoholes (primarios de cadena, secundaria y ramificada), cetonas, metil-cetonas y .steres. Los seis grupos de quesos son, quesos de vaca de invierno (WC) y verano (SC); quesos de oveja de invierno (WSh) y verano (SSh) y quesos de cabra de invierno (WG) y verano (SG). El m.todo CB permite la separaci.n de los seis grupos de quesos y encontrar las diferencias en funci.n del tipo y estacionalidad de la leche, caracterizando los compuestos qu.micos vol.tiles espec.ficos responsables de tales diferencias