A Class of Separation Axioms in Generalized Topology

The purpose of this paper is to introduce and study some new class of definitions like µ-point closure and gµ –regular space concerning generalized topological space. We obtain some characterizations and several properties of such definitions. This paper takes some investigations on generalized topological spaces with gµ –closed sets and gµ–closed sets

Sleep Timing in Late Autumn and Late Spring Associates With Light Exposure Rather Than Sun Time in College Students

Timing of the human sleep-wake cycle is determined by social constraints, biological processes (sleep homeostasis and circadian rhythmicity) and environmental factors, particularly natural and electrical light exposure. To what extent seasonal changes in the light-dark cycle affect sleep timing and how this varies between weekdays and weekends has not been firmly established. We examined sleep and activity patterns during weekdays and weekends in late autumn (standard time, ST) and late spring (daylight saving time, DST), and expressed their timing in relation to three environmental reference points: clock-time, solar noon (SN) which occurs one clock hour later during DST than ST, and the midpoint of accumulated light exposure (50% LE). Observed sleep timing data were compared to simulated data from a mathematical model for the effects of light on the circadian and homeostatic regulation of sleep. A total of 715 days of sleep timing and light exposure were recorded in 19 undergraduates in a repeated-measures observational study. During each three-week assessment, light and activity were monitored, and self-reported bed and wake times were collected. Light exposure was higher in spring than in autumn. 50% LE did not vary across season, but occurred later on weekends compared to weekdays. Relative to clock-time, bedtime, wake-time, mid-sleep, and midpoint of activity were later on weekends but did not differ across seasons. Relative to SN, sleep and activity measures were earlier in spring than in autumn. Relative to 50% LE, only wake-time and mid-sleep were later on weekends, with no seasonal differences. Individual differences in mid-sleep did not correlate with SN but correlated with 50% LE. Individuals with different habitual bedtimes responded similarly to seasonal changes. Model simulations showed that light exposure patterns are sufficient to explain sleep timing in spring but less so in autumn. The findings indicate that during autumn and spring, the timing of sleep associates with actual light exposure rather than sun time as indexed by SN

Some Faintly Continuous Functions on Generalized Topology

A function f : (X, μ) → (Y, σ) is said to be faintly (μ, σ)-continuous if f –1(V) is μ-open in X for every θ-open set V of Y. In this paper, the authors introduce and investigate some types of faintly (μ-σ)-continuous functions on generalized topological space (X, μ) into the topological space (Y, σ). Some characterizations and properties of such a type of functions are discussed

Evaluation of serum prolactin level in acute myocardial infarction and role of pharmacotherapy

AIM AND OBJECTIVES: 1. Aim of the present study was evaluation of the serum prolactin level in the acute myocardial infarction (MI) regarding the current. 2. Pharmacotherapy in management of MI. 3. To compare the levels of serum prolactin in patients with acute myocardial infarction and normal population, to know the role of current pharmacotherapy. 4. To compare Serum Prolactin with Serum Troponin I. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Method of collection of clinical sample and data-Patients admitted in the CCU, Dept. of Cardiology, Govt. Stanley Hospital with Acute myocardial infarction shall be studied. Study Design: Cross Sectional Study. Study Period: March 2017 to October 2017 [8 month]. Study Centre: Dept of Cardiology, CCU, Govt. Stanley Hospital. CASE DEFINITION: Myocardial infarction (MI) is the irreversible necrosis and death of cardiac muscle due to diminished blood supply to the heart which leads to myocardial cell damage and ischemia supplied by that artery. The diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction based clinically, electro and Echocardiographically. During stress like MI patient secrete excess Sr.prolactin Via neuroendocrine stress pathway, which induces acute endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance, and induction of vascular immune reactions. Long standing hyperprolactinemia lead to arteriosclerosis, augmentation of arterial stiffness, and hypertension. high prolactin level plays a potential role in the development of ischemic cardiac disease, excess prolactin leads to dyslipidemia, augmentation of platelets aggregation and amplification of vascular thrombosis that leading to the increasing in the risk score of acute coronary syndrome. JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY: High prolactin level plays a potential role in the development of ischemic cardiac disease.excess prolactin leads to dyslipidemia, augmentation of platelets aggregation and amplification of vascular thrombosis that leading to the increasing in the risk score of acute coronary syndrome. early diagnosis and treatment reduce the risk of prolactin induced acute myocardial infarction. Inclusion Criteria: Patients with acute ST elevation changes in ECG and hypokinesia of reginal wall motion abnormality in Echocardiographically. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Hypothyroidism Patients, 2. Chronic dopamine agonist drug intaker, 3. Smoker. Sample Size : 50. METHODOLOGY: • The Acute MI patients are subjected to a detailed history and clinical examination with the help of ECG and ECHO. • Detailed Past history of drug intake like T.Metformin, T.Aspirin, T.Clopidogrel, T.Metoprolol, T,Atorvastatin and T,Isosorbidedinitrate. • The Acute MI patients are divided into 50 subjects in one group, with healthy controls as second group. • The subjects of each group are appropriately matched for age and sex. • Basic investigations with serum prolactin and serum troponin are taken within 24 hours onset of symptoms. • The serum prolactin levels of the two groups are then compared. • The serum prolcatin levels are compared with serum troponin among the acute MI patients. • T.Metformin.T.Aspirin, combined T.aspirin and T.Clopidogrel and other drugs like T.Atorvasatin,T.Metoprolol,T.ISDN compared with paitents and control group Reference Value: 1. Serum Prolactin Normal Range - Male less than 15ng/dl. 2. Female less than 20ng/dl. 3. Serum Troponin I Normal Range-Both Sex Less than 50ng/L. The Normal Population Is Selected From Patients Attending Master Health Check Up. METHOD USED FOR ESTIMATION OF SERUM PROLACTIN : ELISA kit method. METHOD USED FOR ESTIMATION OF SERUM TROPONIN I: ELISA kit method. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Statistical Analysis: Descriptive statistics was done for all data and suitable statistical tests of comparison were done. Continuous variables were analyzed with the Unpaired “t” test and Single factor ANOVA and categorical variables were analyzed with Fisher Exact Test. correlation analysis was done using persons r. Statistical significance was taken as P < 0.05. The data was analyzed using SPSS Version 16. Microsoft Excel 2010.was used to generate charts. OVERALL CONCLUSION: • The association between the study groups and age distribution is considered to be not statistically significant. • Serum Prolactin level higher among acute myocardial infarction patients. • Prolactin is associated with a comprehensive panel of incident cardiovascular disease risk factors. Measurement of circulating prolactin levels on a routine basis among high risk individuals is more likely to provide substantial insight into cardiometabolic risk. • Elevation of Serum Prolactin level is associated with a chronic inflammatory state • T.Metformin treated group patients showed significantly reduced serum prolactin level in acute MI patient compared to control group. • T.aspirin treated group patients showed significantly high Serum Prolactin level in Acute MI patient compared to control group, this is mainly due to aspirin increases prostaglandin generation in hypothalamic region which stimulate high serum prolactin. • Serum Prolactin was not affected by T.Clopidogrel. • Other drugs like T.Metoprolol, T.Atorvastatin, T.ISDN shows reduced Serum Prolactin level. SUMMARY: This study “Evaluation Of Serum Prolactin Levels Inacute Myocardial Infarction: The Role Ofpharmacotherapy” was carried out in government Stanley medical college and hospital, Chennai from March 2017 to October 2017 • 50 Acute MI patients were selected and their serum prolactin levels and serum troponin levels were studied correlated with 50 normal healthy individuals.the role of pharmacotherapy in serum prolactin level was assessed. • In acute MI patient showed significant elevation of serum prolactin level. • According to various pharmacotherapy drugs like Metformin decreases the serum prolactin,Aspirin increases the serum prolactin and other drugs like Clopidogrel no effect. • So serum prolactin level increased in acute MI reflects underlying cardiovascular complications

Impact and Importance of Cashless Transaction in India

The Research paper focuses on impact and importance of cashless policy in India. According to Government of India the cashless policy will increase employment, reduce cash related robbery thereby reducing risk of carrying cash. Cashless policy will also reduce cash related corruption and attract more foreign investors to the country. In many countries introduction of cashless economy can be seen as steps in the right direction. It is expected that its impact will be felt in modernization of payment system, Reduction in the cost of banking service, Reduction in high security and safety risk and also curb banking related corruption. Electronic banking will be made banking transaction to be easier by bringing services closer to its customers hence improving banking industry performance. The financial safety over the digital payment channel is important for pushing the cashless economy idea. A major obstacle for the quick adoption of alternate mode of payment is mobile internet penetration, which is crucial because point of sale terminal works over mobile internet connection, while banks have been charging money on card based transaction which is seen in hurdle. India has been using electronic payment system for many year now, However the retail sector still has predominance of cash transaction and payment through cash is yet to pick up card is the one of the most secure, convenient mode of cashless payment in retail market

Incorporating Robsons classification in analysis of caesarean section at rural territory centre for 18 months

Background: With the rise of caesarean sections (CS) over the last five decades, World Health Organization (WHO) proposed that health care facilities to use the Robsons 10 group classification system to audit their caesarean sections rates. This classification would help understand internal structure of the CS rates at individual health facilities identify population groups, indication in each group and formulate strategies to reduce these rates. Methods: This is a retrospective study for a period of 18 months at tertiary care hospital in rural area at department of obstetrics and gynaecology, Dr. PSIMS &amp; RF, Chinnoutpalli, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh. Women who delivered during this period were analysed and classified into Robsons group 10 classification and percentages were calculated for the overall rate, the representation of groups, contribution of groups and caesarean percentage in each group in rural territory centre during the period of January 2021 to June 2022. Results: From January 2021 to June 2022 there were total of 547 deliveries. Out of which 224 had caesarean section accounting for a caesarean delivery rate of 40.9%. When data was analysed according to Robsons 10 group classification maximum contribution of caesarean section was with Robsons group 5.1 (36%), which comprised of patients with term cephalic multiparous with one previous scar. Followed by group 2A (21%), which comprised of patients with term cephalic nulliparous with labour induced. Breech pregnancies are completely undergoing caesarean section (groups 6 and 7). Conclusions: We identified the contribution of each group to the overall CS rate as well as the CS rate within each group. Women with previous caesarean delivery contribute to the increasing proportion of caesarean deliveries. Use of Robson criteria allows standardized comparisons of data and identifies clinical scenarios in caesarean rates. All institutes to audit themselves to evaluate quality of caesarean section rates and to rationalize caesarean rates. Impact of interventions to reduce caesarean rates should be studied and documented. Evaluation of existing management protocols and further studies into indications of CS and outcomes in our setting will helps us to design strategies and improve outcomes

Diabetes reversal by inhibition of the low-molecular-weight tyrosine phosphatase.

Obesity-associated insulin resistance plays a central role in type 2 diabetes. As such, tyrosine phosphatases that dephosphorylate the insulin receptor (IR) are potential therapeutic targets. The low-molecular-weight protein tyrosine phosphatase (LMPTP) is a proposed IR phosphatase, yet its role in insulin signaling in vivo has not been defined. Here we show that global and liver-specific LMPTP deletion protects mice from high-fat diet-induced diabetes without affecting body weight. To examine the role of the catalytic activity of LMPTP, we developed a small-molecule inhibitor with a novel uncompetitive mechanism, a unique binding site at the opening of the catalytic pocket, and an exquisite selectivity over other phosphatases. This inhibitor is orally bioavailable, and it increases liver IR phosphorylation in vivo and reverses high-fat diet-induced diabetes. Our findings suggest that LMPTP is a key promoter of insulin resistance and that LMPTP inhibitors would be beneficial for treating type 2 diabetes

Implementing a 48 h EWTD-compliant rota for junior doctors in the UK does not compromise patients’ safety : assessor-blind pilot comparison

Background: There are currently no field data about the effect of implementing European Working Time Directive (EWTD)-compliant rotas in a medical setting. Surveys of doctors’ subjective opinions on shift work have not provided reliable objective data with which to evaluate its efficacy. Aim: We therefore studied the effects on patient's safety and doctors’ work-sleep patterns of implementing an EWTD-compliant 48 h work week in a single-blind intervention study carried out over a 12-week period at the University Hospitals Coventry & Warwickshire NHS Trust. We hypothesized that medical error rates would be reduced following the new rota. Methods: Nineteen junior doctors, nine studied while working an intervention schedule of <48 h per week and 10 studied while working traditional weeks of <56 h scheduled hours in medical wards. Work hours and sleep duration were recorded daily. Rate of medical errors (per 1000 patient-days), identified using an established active surveillance methodology, were compared for the Intervention and Traditional wards. Two senior physicians blinded to rota independently rated all suspected errors. Results: Average scheduled work hours were significantly lower on the intervention schedule [43.2 (SD 7.7) (range 26.0–60.0) vs. 52.4 (11.2) (30.0–77.0) h/week; P < 0.001], and there was a non-significant trend for increased total sleep time per day [7.26 (0.36) vs. 6.75 (0.40) h; P = 0.095]. During a total of 4782 patient-days involving 481 admissions, 32.7% fewer total medical errors occurred during the intervention than during the traditional rota (27.6 vs. 41.0 per 1000 patient-days, P = 0.006), including 82.6% fewer intercepted potential adverse events (1.2 vs. 6.9 per 1000 patient-days, P = 0.002) and 31.4% fewer non-intercepted potential adverse events (16.6 vs. 24.2 per 1000 patient-days, P = 0.067). Doctors reported worse educational opportunities on the intervention rota. Conclusions: Whilst concerns remain regarding reduced educational opportunities, our study supports the hypothesis that a 48 h work week coupled with targeted efforts to improve sleep hygiene improves patient safety