Dinámica de las bacterias fotótrofas en una laguna meromíctica (Estany des Cibollar, Albufera de Mallorca)

Abstract not availabl

On the effect of ultrasound-assisted atmospheric freeze-drying on the antioxidant properties of eggplant

[EN] The low operating temperatures employed in atmospheric freeze-drying permits an effective drying of heat sensitive products, without any impairment of their quality attributes. When using power ultrasound, the drying rate can be increased, thus reducing the process duration. However, ultrasound can also affect the product quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of various drying process variables, namely air temperature and velocity, ultrasound power and sample size, on the antioxidant properties of eggplant (Solanum Melongena L.) samples. For this reason, drying experiments were carried out at different drying temperatures (-5, -7.5, -10 °C), power ultrasound levels (0, 25, 50 W; 21.9 kHz) and air velocities (2, 5 m s-1) using different sample sizes (8.8 mm and 17.6 mm cube side). The ascorbic acid content (Jagota and Dani method), total phenolic content (Folin-Ciocalteau method), and the antioxidant capacity (FRAP method) of the dried products were considered as quality indicators of the dried samples. The increase in air velocity and temperature, as well as the sample size, significantly reduced the antioxidant potential of the dried samples (p-value < 0.05). For a given sample size, the application of ultrasound, at the acoustic power levels tested, did not produce significant effects on the antioxidant indicators considered. Temperature measurements inside the drying sample showed a non-negligible temperature rise when acoustic power was applied.The authors acknowledge the financial support from Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEOII/2014/005) and INIA-ERDF (RTA2015-00060-C04-02).Colucci, D.; Fisore, D.; Rosselló, C.; Carcel Carrión, JA. (2018). On the effect of ultrasound-assisted atmospheric freeze-drying on the antioxidant properties of eggplant. Food Research International. 106:580-588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2018.01.022S58058810

Antioxidant potential of atmospheric freeze-dried apples as affected by ultrasound application and sample surface

[EN] Atmospheric freeze drying (AFD) yields products of a similar quality to the conventional vacuum freeze-drying technique, but reduces the operating cost. However, it involves very low drying rates. The sample surface/mass ratio is one of the process variables that can be taken into account to reduce drying time. Moreover, power ultrasound (US) can also be used to intensify this process because of its effects on external and internal mass transfer resistance. However, both factors may affect not only the drying time but also the final product quality. Therefore, the aim of this study was to address the influence of both ultrasound application and the sample surface/mass ratio on the drying process and the antioxidant potential of atmospheric freeze-dried apple. For that purpose, two sample geometries with different surface/mass ratio were considered: slabs (30 &#65533; 30 &#65533; 10 mm3) and cylinders (diameter: 9 mm and height: 30 mm). The samples were freeze dried (&#1048576; 10°C) with ultrasound application (21.7 kHz) at different power levels (0, 10.3, 20.5, and 30.8 kW/m3). The total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant capacity (AC), and ascorbic acid content (AA) were measured in the dried apple. The drying time was significantly shorter for cylindrical samples than for slabs, probably due to their higher surface/mass ratio. The application of US increased the drying rate, this increase being greater for the slab than for the cylindrical particles used in this study. In general, AFD reduced the TPC, AC, and AA, the final content being significantly greater for slabs than for cylinders. This fact can also be related to the lower surface/ mass ratio in the case of slabs. US application further reduced TPC, AC, and AA content, probably due to some cellular damage produced by the acoustic waves and to the oxygen transfer improvement. Nevertheless, the bigger particles (slabs) dried with ultrasound needed a 10% of drying time than the smaller ones (cylinders) dried without ultrasound. Moreover both kind of samples presented similar antioxidant potential.The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEOII/2014/005).Moreno, C.; Brines, C.; Mulet Pons, A.; Rosselló, C.; Carcel Carrión, JA. (2017). Antioxidant potential of atmospheric freeze-dried apples as affected by ultrasound application and sample surface. Drying Technology. 35(8):957-968. doi:10.1080/07373937.2016.1256890S95796835

Candiles musulmanes hallados en Mallorca

Abstract not availabl

Ultrasound assisted low-temperature drying of kiwifruit: Effects on drying kinetics, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity

"This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Vallespir, Francisca, Óscar Rodríguez, Juan A Cárcel, Carmen Rosselló, and Susana Simal. 2019. Ultrasound Assisted Low-temperature Drying of Kiwifruit: Effects on Drying Kinetics, Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 99 (6). Wiley: 2901 9. doi:10.1002/jsfa.9503, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9503. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving."[EN] Background: Low-temperature drying is considered to be a promising technique for food processing. It preserves thermolabile compounds and might be intensified by acoustic assistance. The effect of acoustic assistance (20.5 kW m(-3)) during low-temperature drying of kiwifruit (at 5, 10 and 15 degrees C, and 1 m s(-1)) on drying kinetics, bioactive compounds (such as ascorbic acid, vitamin E, and total polyphenols), and antioxidant activity was studied. Results: Drying time was shortened by 55-65% when using power ultrasound. A diffusion model was used to evaluate the drying kinetics. The effective diffusion coefficient increased by 154 +/- 30% and the external mass transfer coefficient increased by 158 +/- 66% when ultrasound was applied during drying, compared with drying without ultrasound application. With regard to bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity, although samples dried at 15 degrees C presented significantly higher (P < 0.05) losses (39-54% and 57-69%, respectively) than samples dried at 5 degrees C (14-43% and 23-50%, respectively) when ultrasound was not applied, the application of ultrasound during drying at 15 degrees C significantly reduced (P < 0.05) those losses in all quality parameters (15-47% and 47-58%, respectively). Conclusion: Overall, low-temperature drying of kiwifruit was enhanced by acoustic assistance preserving bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity, especially at 15 degrees C. (c) 2018 Society of Chemical IndustryThe authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of the National Institute of Research and Agro-Food Technology (INIA) and co-financed with ERDF funds (RTA2015-00060-C04-03 and RTA2015-00060-C04-02 projects) and the Spanish Government (MINECO) for the BES-2013-064131 fellowship.Vallespir, F.; Rodríguez, O.; Carcel, JA.; Rosselló, C.; Simal, S. (2019). Ultrasound assisted low-temperature drying of kiwifruit: Effects on drying kinetics, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 99(6):2901-2909. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9503S29012909996Soquetta, M. B., Stefanello, F. S., Huerta, K. da M., Monteiro, S. S., da Rosa, C. S., & Terra, N. N. (2016). Characterization of physiochemical and microbiological properties, and bioactive compounds, of flour made from the skin and bagasse of kiwi fruit ( Actinidia deliciosa ). 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Improvement of Mass Transfer by Freezing Pre-treatment and Ultrasound Application on the Convective Drying of Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.). Food and Bioprocess Technology, 11(1), 72-83. doi:10.1007/s11947-017-1999-8Ozuna, C., Cárcel, J. A., Walde, P. M., & Garcia-Perez, J. V. (2014). Low-temperature drying of salted cod (Gadus morhua) assisted by high power ultrasound: Kinetics and physical properties. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 23, 146-155. doi:10.1016/j.ifset.2014.03.008Rodríguez, Ó., Santacatalina, J. V., Simal, S., Garcia-Perez, J. V., Femenia, A., & Rosselló, C. (2014). Influence of power ultrasound application on drying kinetics of apple and its antioxidant and microstructural properties. Journal of Food Engineering, 129, 21-29. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2014.01.001Garcia-Perez, J. V., Carcel, J. A., Riera, E., Rosselló, C., & Mulet, A. (2012). Intensification of Low-Temperature Drying by Using Ultrasound. Drying Technology, 30(11-12), 1199-1208. doi:10.1080/07373937.2012.675533Cárcel, J. A., García-Pérez, J. V., Riera, E., Rosselló, C., & Mulet, A. (2017). Ultrasonically Assisted Drying. Ultrasound in Food Processing, 371-391. doi:10.1002/9781118964156.ch14García-Pérez, J. V., Carcel, J. A., Mulet, A., Riera, E., & Gallego-Juarez, J. A. (2015). Ultrasonic drying for food preservation. Power Ultrasonics, 875-910. doi:10.1016/b978-1-78242-028-6.00029-6Rodríguez, Ó., Eim, V. S., Simal, S., Femenia, A., & Rosselló, C. (2011). Validation of a Difussion Model Using Moisture Profiles Measured by Means of TD-NMR in Apples (Malus domestica). Food and Bioprocess Technology, 6(2), 542-552. doi:10.1007/s11947-011-0711-7Moraga, G., Martínez-Navarrete, N., & Chiralt, A. (2006). Water sorption isotherms and phase transitions in kiwifruit. Journal of Food Engineering, 72(2), 147-156. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.11.031Lagarias, J. C., Reeds, J. A., Wright, M. H., & Wright, P. E. (1998). Convergence Properties of the Nelder--Mead Simplex Method in Low Dimensions. SIAM Journal on Optimization, 9(1), 112-147. doi:10.1137/s1052623496303470Fernandes, F. A. N., Rodrigues, S., Cárcel, J. A., & García-Pérez, J. V. (2015). Ultrasound-Assisted Air-Drying of Apple (Malus domestica L.) and Its Effects on the Vitamin of the Dried Product. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 8(7), 1503-1511. doi:10.1007/s11947-015-1519-7Heredia, J. B., & Cisneros-Zevallos, L. (2009). The effects of exogenous ethylene and methyl jasmonate on the accumulation of phenolic antioxidants in selected whole and wounded fresh produce. Food Chemistry, 115(4), 1500-1508. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.01.078Benzie, I. F. F., & Strain, J. J. (1996). The Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) as a Measure of «Antioxidant Power»: The FRAP Assay. Analytical Biochemistry, 239(1), 70-76. doi:10.1006/abio.1996.0292Apak, R., Güçlü, K., Özyürek, M., & Karademir, S. E. (2004). Novel Total Antioxidant Capacity Index for Dietary Polyphenols and Vitamins C and E, Using Their Cupric Ion Reducing Capability in the Presence of Neocuproine:  CUPRAC Method. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(26), 7970-7981. doi:10.1021/jf048741xRe, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M., & Rice-Evans, C. (1999). Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 26(9-10), 1231-1237. doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(98)00315-3Santacatalina, J. V., Soriano, J. R., Cárcel, J. A., & Garcia-Perez, J. V. (2016). Influence of air velocity and temperature on ultrasonically assisted low temperature drying of eggplant. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 100, 282-291. doi:10.1016/j.fbp.2016.07.010Darıcı, S., & Şen, S. (2015). Experimental investigation of convective drying kinetics of kiwi under different conditions. Heat and Mass Transfer, 51(8), 1167-1176. doi:10.1007/s00231-014-1487-xGarcía-Pérez, J. V., Rosselló, C., Cárcel, J. A., De la Fuente, S., & Mulet, A. (2006). Effect of Air Temperature on Convective Drying Assisted by High Power Ultrasound. Diffusion in Solids and Liquids, 563-574. doi:10.4028/3-908451-36-1.563Gamboa-Santos, J., Montilla, A., Cárcel, J. A., Villamiel, M., & Garcia-Perez, J. V. (2014). Air-borne ultrasound application in the convective drying of strawberry. Journal of Food Engineering, 128, 132-139. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.12.021Do Nascimento, E. M. G. C., Mulet, A., Ascheri, J. L. R., de Carvalho, C. W. P., & Cárcel, J. A. (2016). Effects of high-intensity ultrasound on drying kinetics and antioxidant properties of passion fruit peel. Journal of Food Engineering, 170, 108-118. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2015.09.015Garcia-Perez, J. V., Ortuño, C., Puig, A., Carcel, J. A., & Perez-Munuera, I. (2011). Enhancement of Water Transport and Microstructural Changes Induced by High-Intensity Ultrasound Application on Orange Peel Drying. 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Physicochemical and antioxidant properties of kiwifruit as a function of cultivar and fruit harvested month. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 58(2), 262-271. doi:10.1590/s1516-8913201500371Ball, G. F. M. (2005). Vitamins In Foods. doi:10.1201/9781420026979Kaya, A., Aydın, O., & Kolaylı, S. (2010). Effect of different drying conditions on the vitamin C (ascorbic acid) content of Hayward kiwifruits (Actinidia deliciosa Planch). Food and Bioproducts Processing, 88(2-3), 165-173. doi:10.1016/j.fbp.2008.12.001Izli, N., Izli, G., & Taskin, O. (2016). Drying kinetics, colour, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity properties of kiwi dried by different methods. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 11(1), 64-74. doi:10.1007/s11694-016-9372-6Fernandes, F. A. N., Rodrigues, S., García-Pérez, J. V., & Cárcel, J. A. (2015). Effects of ultrasound-assisted air-drying on vitamins and carotenoids of cherry tomatoes. 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Evolutionary site-number changes of ribosomal DNA loci during speciation: complex scenarios of ancestral and more recent polyploid events

Several genome duplications have been identified in the evolution of seed plants, providing unique systems for studying karyological processes promoting diversification and speciation. Knowledge about the number of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) loci, together with their chromosomal distribution and structure, provides clues about organismal and molecular evolution at various phylogenetic levels. In this work, we aim to elucidate the evolutionary dynamics of karyological and rDNA site-number variation in all known taxa of subtribe Vellinae, showing a complex scenario of ancestral and more recent polyploid events. Specifically, we aim to infer the ancestral chromosome numbers and patterns of chromosome number variation, assess patterns of variation of both 45S and 5S rDNA families, trends in site-number change of rDNA loci within homoploid and polyploid series, and reconstruct the evolutionary history of rDNA site number using a phylogenetic hypothesis as a framework. The best-fitting model of chromosome number evolution with a high likelihood score suggests that the Vellinae core showing x=17 chromosomes arose by duplication events froma recent x=8 ancestor. Our survey suggests more complex patterns of polyploid evolution than previously noted for Vellinae. High polyploidization events (6x, 8x) arose independently in the basal clade Vella castrilensis–V. lucentina, where extant diploid species are unknown. Reconstruction of ancestral rDNA states in Vellinae supports the inference that the ancestral number of loci in the subtribe was two for each multigene family, suggesting that an overall tendency towards a net loss of 5S rDNA loci occurred during the splitting of Vellinae ancestors from the remaining Brassiceae lineages. A contrasting pattern for rDNA site change in both paleopolyploid and neopolyploid species was linked to diversification of Vellinae lineages. This suggests dynamic and independent changes in rDNA site number during speciation processes and a significant lack of correlation between 45S and 5S rDNA evolutionary pathwaysThis research was supported by funds from the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science (Project CGL2010-22347-C02-01), the Catalan Government (Consolidated Research Group 2009SGR608) and by a Ph.D. grant from the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science to J.A.G

Technical note: Comparison of automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) to assess bacterial diversity in the rumen of sheep

The aim of this study was to compare automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) techniques to assess bacterial diversity in the rumen of sheep. Sheep were fed 2 diets with 70% of either alfalfa hay or grass hay, and the solid (SOL) and liquid (LIQ) phases of the rumen were sampled immediately before feeding (0 h) and at 4 and 8 h postfeeding. Both techniques detected similar differences between forages, with alfalfa hay promoting greater (P 0.05) over the postfeeding period were detected by DGGE. The ARISA technique showed lower (P 0.05) in bacterial diversity between both rumen phases were detected by DGGE. Under the conditions of this study, the DGGE was not sensitive enough to detect some changes in ruminal bacterial communities, and therefore ARISA was considered more accurate for assessing bacterial diversity of ruminal samples. The results highlight the influence of the fingerprinting technique used to draw conclusions on factors affecting ruminal bacterial diversity

Patterns of genetic variability and habitat occupancy in Crepis triasii (Asteraceae) at different spatial scales: insights on evolutionary processes leading to diversification in continental islands

Background and AimsArchipelagos are unique systems for studying evolutionary processes promoting diversification and speciation. The islands of the Mediterranean basin are major areas of plant richness, including a high proportion of narrow endemics. Many endemic plants are currently found in rocky habitats, showing varying patterns of habitat occupancy at different spatial scales throughout their range. The aim of the present study was to understand the impact of varying patterns of population distribution on genetic diversity and structure to shed light on demographic and evolutionary processes leading to population diversification in Crepis triasii, an endemic plant from the eastern Balearic Islands.MethodsUsing allozyme and chloroplast markers, we related patterns of genetic structure and diversity to those of habitat occupancy at a regional (between islands and among populations within islands) and landscape (population size and connectivity) scale.Key ResultsGenetic diversity was highly structured both at the regional and at the landscape level, and was positively correlated with population connectivity in the landscape. Populations located in small isolated mountains and coastal areas, with restricted patterns of regional occupancy, were genetically less diverse and much more differentiated. In addition, more isolated populations had stronger fine-scale genetic structure than well-connected ones. Changes in habitat availability and quality arising from marine transgressions during the Quaternary, as well as progressive fragmentation associated with the aridification of the climate since the last glaciation, are the most plausible factors leading to the observed patterns of genetic diversity and structure.ConclusionsOur results emphasize the importance of gene flow in preventing genetic erosion and maintaining the evolutionary potential of populations. They also agree with recent studies highlighting the importance of restricted gene flow and genetic drift as drivers of plant evolution in Mediterranean continental islands