Role of dorsal on lay buccal mucosal graft urethro-plasty for long anterior urethral strictures.

INTRODUCTION : The long-term results of internal urethrotomy are poor; either requiring repeated dila tation or repeated urethrotomies. Conventional staged urethroplasty does not produce consistent results. The use of flaps or grafts is mandatory in patients with longer and complex strictures. On lay graft is an recent addition to the armamentarium. On lay graft is done either dorsally or ventrally. Various tissues like penile skin, posterior auricular skin, bladder mucosa and buccal mucosa are used. Since 1995-96 Barbagli described a new dorsal on lay graft urethroplasty. It has been greeted wit h fair amount of enthusiasm throughout the world. Success rate of this procedure has been 92-95% for a period of 19 to 36 months. We have attempted to extend the use of the procedure for long anterior urethral strictures including pan-urethral strictures using buccal mucosal graft. AIM OF THE STUDY : To evaluate the efficacy of dorsal on lay buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty in treating long anterior urethral strictures. MATERIALS AND METHODS : It is a prospective study from August 2003 to September 2005. A total of 13 patients were enrolled in the study. Inclusion Criteria: 1 .Strictures > 2.5cm in length (Long anterior urethral strictures). 2. Patients requiring repeated internal urethrotomy or dilatations. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Periurethral phlegmon, 2. Urethrocutaneous fistula, 3. Associated with chronic renal failure, 4. Scarred perineum. The preoperative workup included careful general physical examination, palpation of the anterior urethra for any mass; glans penis inspected for signs of urethral meatal stenosis or balanitis xerotica obliterans. The perineum was inspected and examined for the presence of fistulas or periurethral inflammation. Dental surgeon’s opinion was obtained regarding the hygiene of the oral cavity and to rule out any buccal mucosal pathology. CONCLUSION : Buccal mucosal graft has good graft properties for graft survival with minimal donor site morbidity. Dorsal onlay graft is the preferred form of graft placement. Buccal mucosal graft is an ideal substitute for urethra in treating medium length bulbar urethral strictures. Because of less failure rate 11.11% single stage dorsal on lay buccal mucosal graft urethroplasty may be offered as an alternative to staged urethroplasty in case of long urethral strictures

Realisation of CdS/Mn3O4nanocomposites for potential Photocatalytic Applications

The present work reports the realisation of high-quality crystalline CdS/Mn3O4(CM) nanocomposites by a simple cost-effective chemical method in air atmosphere. The authors have performed theoretical calculations and experimental analysis in order to understand the synthesised nanocomposites. X-ray diffraction results showed that the CM nanocomposites were cubic and orthorhombic mixed structure which is in good agreement with the theoretical studies. Field emission scanning electron microscopy images of CM confirmed the formation of well distributed nanocomposites. The outcomes of DFT calculations provide results for the bandgap calculation of pure CdS, Mn3O4and the CM nanocomposites. Photoluminescence studies with interesting visible light absorption demonstrated the great potentiality of the as-synthesised nanocomposites towards photocatalytic applications that could be a detailed research scope for the authors' future studies. © 2020 Institution of Engineering and Technology. All rights reserved.Acknowledgments: The author P. Joice Sophia kindly acknowledges DST-INSPIRE Faculty Scheme (DST/INSPIRE/04/2016/ 000292) and SERB-EMR (EMR/2017/004764) for the financial support and funding. One of the authors, M. Rajesh Kumar thanks the contract no. 40/is2

Realization of Ti MOF/MoS2 Hybrid Nanostructure and Their Catalytic Activity Towards 4-Nitrophenol Reduction

The development of effective catalysts for catalytic reduction of the toxic 4-Nitrophenol (4-NP) into useful 4-Aminophenol (4-AP) has received wide interest. Herein, we report the synthesis of Titanium Metal–Organic Framework (Ti-MOF)/MoS2 hybrid nanostructure as potential catalyst for the reduction of 4-NP. Various characterization tools such as FESEM, TEM, XRD, and XPS have been used to conduct the morphological and structural analysis of the hybrid nano catalyst. The catalytic studies suggest that the as-prepared Ti-MOF, MoS2, and Ti-MOF/MoS2 hybrid nanostructures effectively catalyze the reduction of 4-NP to 4-AP in the presence of NaBH4. The rate constant (Kapp) of MOF/MoS2 hybrid nanostructure is found to be 1.208 min−1, which proves its higher catalytic performance in comparison with the pristine samples. Additionally, its preeminent reusability performance makes MOF/MoS2 hybrid nanostructure to be used as effective and practical catalyst. Through this work, the potential for the heterostructure's high catalytic activity is conversed and a possible reaction mechanism is proposed. Our findings confirm that the hybrid MOF@MoS2 nanoflakes have provided a promising interface for the hydrogenation procedure on the catalytic surface, thereby making it an excellent catalytic material to be further investigated. © 2022 The Authors.The authors greatly acknowledge the Photonics Research facility of Aaivalayam-DIRAC, Coimbatore, India for the funding and laboratory support. One of the authors (Manavalan Rajesh Kumar) thanks to the contract no. 40/is2

Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) to Mitigate Tin Whisker Growth and Corrosion Issues on Printed Circuit Board Assemblies

This paper presents the results of a research program set up to evaluate atomic layer deposition (ALD) conformal coatings as a method of mitigating the growth of tin whiskers from printed circuit board assemblies. The effect of ALD coating process variables on the ability of the coating to mitigate whisker growth were evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy were used to evaluate both the size and distribution of tin whiskers and the coating/whisker interactions. Results show that the ALD process can achieve significant reductions in whisker growth and thus offers considerable potential as a reworkable whisker mitigation strategy. The effect of ALD layer thickness on whisker formation was also investigated. Studies indicate that thermal exposure during ALD processing may contribute significantly to the observed whisker mitigation

Iron Behaving Badly: Inappropriate Iron Chelation as a Major Contributor to the Aetiology of Vascular and Other Progressive Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases

The production of peroxide and superoxide is an inevitable consequence of aerobic metabolism, and while these particular "reactive oxygen species" (ROSs) can exhibit a number of biological effects, they are not of themselves excessively reactive and thus they are not especially damaging at physiological concentrations. However, their reactions with poorly liganded iron species can lead to the catalytic production of the very reactive and dangerous hydroxyl radical, which is exceptionally damaging, and a major cause of chronic inflammation. We review the considerable and wide-ranging evidence for the involvement of this combination of (su)peroxide and poorly liganded iron in a large number of physiological and indeed pathological processes and inflammatory disorders, especially those involving the progressive degradation of cellular and organismal performance. These diseases share a great many similarities and thus might be considered to have a common cause (i.e. iron-catalysed free radical and especially hydroxyl radical generation). The studies reviewed include those focused on a series of cardiovascular, metabolic and neurological diseases, where iron can be found at the sites of plaques and lesions, as well as studies showing the significance of iron to aging and longevity. The effective chelation of iron by natural or synthetic ligands is thus of major physiological (and potentially therapeutic) importance. As systems properties, we need to recognise that physiological observables have multiple molecular causes, and studying them in isolation leads to inconsistent patterns of apparent causality when it is the simultaneous combination of multiple factors that is responsible. This explains, for instance, the decidedly mixed effects of antioxidants that have been observed, etc...Comment: 159 pages, including 9 Figs and 2184 reference

Raw material resource for biodegradable plastic production from cafeteria wastes

This study presents treatment performance of cafeteria waste and polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production in two stage process through an up-flow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) and sequencing batch reactor (SBR). COD removal efficiency was found as follows: SBR, 93; and UASB - SBR, 95.4%. In addition, 30% ammoniacal nitrogen (AN) was noted at high aerobic condition and phosphate (PO4) removal efficiency increased at high anoxic conditions. Volatile fatty acid (VFA) intermediates such as acetic acid increased from 505 up to 4315 mg.l-1 in effluent of UASB reactor and successfully consumed in SBR for PHA production. Acetic acid concentration was reduced significantly in SBR from 4315 to 50 mg.l-1. During this period, PHA production was increased to 68% over cell dried weight, confirming effectiveness of sequential UASB-SBR system in producing bioplastic from cafeteria waste

Analysis of Motor Cycle Helmet under Static and Dynamic Loading

Each year nearly nine hundred persons die in head injuries and over fifty thousand persons are severely injured due to non wearing of helmets . In motor cycle accidents, the human head is exposed to heavy impact loading against natural protection. In this work, an attempt has been made for analyzing the helmet with all the standard data. The simulation software 'ANSYS' is used to analyze the helmet with different conditions such as bottom fixed-load on top surface, bottom fixed -load on top line, side fixed –load on opposite surface, side fixed-load on opposite line and dynamic analysis. The maximum force of 19.5 kN is applied on the helmet to study the model in static and dynamic conditions. The simulation has been carried out for the static condition for the parameters like total deformation, strain energy, von- Mises stress for different cases. The dynamic analysis has been performed for the parameter like total deformation and equivalent elastic strain. The result shows that this values are concentrated in the retention portion of the helmet. These results has been compared with the standard experimental data proposed by the BIS and well within the acceptable limit