3,192 research outputs found
Doubly Perfect Nonlinear Boolean Permutations
Due to implementation constraints the XOR operation is widely used in order
to combine plaintext and key bit-strings in secret-key block ciphers. This
choice directly induces the classical version of the differential attack by the
use of XOR-kind differences. While very natural, there are many alternatives to
the XOR. Each of them inducing a new form for its corresponding differential
attack (using the appropriate notion of difference) and therefore block-ciphers
need to use S-boxes that are resistant against these nonstandard differential
cryptanalysis. In this contribution we study the functions that offer the best
resistance against a differential attack based on a finite field
multiplication. We also show that in some particular cases, there are robust
permutations which offers the best resistant against both multiplication and
exponentiation base differential attacks. We call them doubly perfect nonlinear
permutations
Learning by Doing and Learning by Thinking: An fMRI Study of Combining Motor and Mental Training
The current study investigated behavioral and neural effects of motor, mental, and combined motor and mental training on a finger tapping task. The motor or mental training groups trained on a finger-sequence for a total of 72 min over 6 weeks. The motor and mental training group received 72 min motor training and in addition 72 min mental training. Results showed that all groups increased their tapping performance significantly on the trained sequence. After training functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data was collected and indicated training specific increases in ventral pre-motor cortex following motor training, and in fusiform gyrus following mental training. Combined motor and mental training activated both the motor and the visual regions. In addition, motor and mental training showed a significant increase in tapping performance on an untrained sequence (transfer). fMRI scanning indicated that the transfer effect involved the cerebellum. Conclusions were that combined motor and mental training recruited both motor and visual systems, and that combined motor and mental training improves motor flexibility via connections from both motor and cognitive systems to the cerebellum
Queue-length synchronization in a communication networks
We study synchronization in the context of network traffic on a
communication network with local clustering and geographic separations. The
network consists of nodes and randomly distributed hubs where the top five hubs
ranked according to their coefficient of betweenness centrality (CBC) are
connected by random assortative and gradient mechanisms. For multiple message
traffic, messages can trap at the high CBC hubs, and congestion can build up on
the network with long queues at the congested hubs. The queue lengths are seen
to synchronize in the congested phase. Both complete and phase synchronization
is seen, between pairs of hubs. In the decongested phase, the pairs start
clearing, and synchronization is lost. A cascading master-slave relation is
seen between the hubs, with the slower hubs (which are slow to decongest)
driving the faster ones. These are usually the hubs of high CBC. Similar
results are seen for traffic of constant density. Total synchronization between
the hubs of high CBC is also seen in the congested regime. Similar behavior is
seen for traffic on a network constructed using the Waxman random topology
generator. We also demonstrate the existence of phase synchronization in real
Internet traffic data.Comment: 13 Pages, 15 figure
The effect of Fisher information matrix approximation methods in population optimal design calculations
Motor Representations and Practice Affect Brain Systems Underlying Imagery: An fMRI Study of Internal Imagery in Novices and Active High Jumpers
This study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate differences in brain activity between one group of active high jumpers and one group of high jumping novices (controls) when performing motor imagery of a high jump. It was also investigated how internal imagery training affects neural activity. The results showed that active high jumpers primarily activated motor areas, e.g. pre-motor cortex and cerebellum. Novices activated visual areas, e.g. superior occipital cortex. Imagery training resulted in a reduction of activity in parietal cortex. These results indicate that in order to use an internal perspective during motor imagery of a complex skill, one must have well established motor representations of the skill which then translates into a motor/internal pattern of brain activity. If not, an external perspective will be used and the corresponding brain activation will be a visual/external pattern. Moreover, the findings imply that imagery training reduces the activity in parietal cortex suggesting that imagery is performed more automatic and results in a more efficient motor representation more easily accessed during motor performance
Market size, competition, and the product mix of exporters
We build a theoretical model of multi-product firms that highlights how market size and ge-
ography (the market sizes of and bilateral economic distances to trading partners) affect both a
firm's exported product range and its exported product mix across market destinations (the dis-
tribution of sales across products for a given product range). We show how tougher competition
in an export market induces a firm to skew its export sales towards its best performing products.
We find very strong confirmation of this competitive effect for French exporters across export
market destinations. Trade models based on exogenous markups cannot explain this strong sig-
nificant link between destination market characteristics and the within-firm skewness of export
sales (after controlling for bilateral trade costs). Theoretically, this within firm change in prod-
uct mix driven by the trading environment has important repercussions on firm productivity
and how it responds to changes in that trading environment
On the generalized linear equivalence of functions over finite fields
In this paper we introduce the concept of generalized linear equivalence between functions defined over finite fields; this can be seen as an extension of the classical criterion of linear equivalence, and it is obtained by means of a particular geometric representation of the functions. After giving the basic definitions, we prove that the known equivalence relations can be seen as particular cases of the proposed generalized relationship and that there exist functions that are generally linearly equivalent but are not such in the classical theory. We also prove that the distributions of values in the Difference Distribution Table (DDT) and in the Linear Approximation Table (LAT) are invariants of the new transformation; this gives us the possibility to find some Almost Perfect Nonlinear (APN) functions that are not linearly equivalent (in the classical sense) to power functions, and to treat them accordingly to the new formulation of the equivalence criterion
Excessive livestock grazing overrides the positive effects of trees on infiltration capacity and modifies preferential flow in dry Miombo woodlands
The increase in livestock grazing in African drylands such as miombo woodlands threatens land productivity and ecosystem functioning. Trees have positive effects on soil hydraulic properties, but few studies have looked at grazing intensity and hydrological functioning in different land uses. Therefore, we conducted a biophysical survey in Morogoro Rural District, Tanzania, where we identified four main land uses and land cover types, that is, Forest reserve, open-access forest, cropland under fallow, and active cropland. We assessed grazing intensity, measured infiltration capacity, and conducted dye tracer experiments to assess the degree of preferential flow in 64 plots. We also tested the effect of grazing exclusion on infiltration capacity in 12-year-old fenced plots. Our results show that irrespective of land use or cover type, soil bulk density increased by 10% from low to high grazing intensity, whereas infiltration capacity and soil organic carbon decreased by 55% and 28%, respectively. We found a positive relationship between infiltration capacity and tree basal area in plots with lowest grazing intensities. However, at higher grazing, the infiltration capacity remained low independently of the basal area. Preferential flow in deeper soils was six-times higher in areas with no grazing, indicating higher deep soil and groundwater recharge potential at low grazing intensities. We conclude that the negative impacts on soil hydrological functioning of excessive livestock grazing override the positive effect of trees, but restricting grazing can reverse the impact
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