Effectiveness of PRECEDE model for health education on changes and level of control of HbA1c, blood pressure, lipids, and body mass index in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Individual health education is considered to be essential in the overall care of patients with type 2 diabetes (DM2), although there is some uncertainty regarding its metabolic control benefits. There have been very few randomized studies on the effects of individual education on normal care in DM2 patients with a control group, and none of these have assessed the long-term results. Therefore, this study aims to use this design to assess the effectiveness of the PRECEDE (Predisposing, Reinforcing, Enabling, Causes in Educational Diagnosis, and Evaluation) education model in the metabolic control and the reduction of cardiovascular risk factors, in patients with type 2 diabetes.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>An open community effectiveness study was carried out in 8 urban community health centers in the North-East Madrid Urban Area (Spain). Six hundred patients with DM2 were randomized in two groups: PRECEDE or conventional model for health promotion education. The main outcome measures were glycated hemoglobin A1c, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, lipids and control criteria during the 2-year follow-up period.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Glycated hemoglobin A1c and systolic blood pressure (SBP) levels decreased significantly in the PRECEDE group (multivariate analysis of covariance, with baseline glycated hemoglobin A1c, SBP, and variables showing statistically significant differences between groups at baseline visits). The decrease levels in diastolic blood pressure (DBP), triglycerides and LDL cholesterol were nonsignificant. PRECEDE increased compliance in all control criteria, except for LDL cholesterol. BMI did not change during the study in either of the two models analyzed.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>PRECEDE health education model is a useful method in the overall treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes, which contributes to decrease glycated hemoglobin A1c and SBP levels and increase the compliance in all the control criteria, except for LDL cholesterol.</p> <p>Trial registration number</p> <p>ClinicalTrials.gov <a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01316367">NCT01316367</a></p

Self-Reported Health Status in Primary Health Care: The Influence of Immigration and Other Associated Factors

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study are to compare self-reported health status between Spanish-born and Latin American-born Spanish residents, adjusted by length of residence in the host country; and additionally, to analyse sociodemographic and psychosocial variables associated with a better health status. DESIGN: This is a cross-sectional population based study of Latin American-born (n = 691) and Spanish-born (n = 903) in 15 urban primary health care centres in Madrid (Spain), carried out between 2007 and 2009. The participants provided information, through an interview, about self-reported health status, socioeconomic characteristics, psychosocial factors and migration conditions. Descriptive and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS: The Spanish-born participants reported a better health status than the Latin America-born participants (79.8% versus 69.3%, p<0.001). Different patterns of self-reported health status were observed depending on the length of residence in the host country. The proportion of immigrants with a better health status is greater in those who have been in Spain for less than five years compared to those who have stayed longer. Better health status is significantly associated with being men, under 34 years old, being Spanish-born, having a monthly incomes of over 1000 euros, and having considerable social support and low stress. CONCLUSIONS: Better self-reported health status is associated with being Spanish-born, men, under 34 years old, having an uppermiddle-socioeconomic status, adequate social support, and low stress. Additionally, length of residence in the host country is seen as a related factor in the self-reported health status of immigrants

A higiene das mãos: as competências profissionais e as áreas de melhoria

El objetivo fue analizar los conocimientos sobre la higiene de las manos de los profesionales del Sistema Sanitario Público Andaluz (España). Estudio mediante encuestas en 2011, utilizando el Hand Hygiene Knowledge Questionnaire for Health-Care Workers con la técnica de análisis de clases latentes. La media de respuestas correctas fue de 17,51 ± 3,68. Las preguntas con porcentajes de respuestas correctas más bajos son las referidas a la prevención, mediante la higiene de las manos, de la transmisión de microorganismos después de la exposición al paciente y aquellas relacionadas con la utilización de preparados de base alcohólica. Se obtuvo un modelo de 7 clases latentes. Principales diferencias socio-demográficas: los profesionales con conocimientos más bajos suelen ser hombres, jóvenes y no sanitarios; el haber recibido formación previa no discrimina a los que presentan excelentes conocimientos. Concluimos que la revisión de los programas de formación en higiene de las manos es necesaria para mejorar los conocimientos sobre aspectos conceptuales de la transmisión de microorganismos a través de las manos.The objective of this study was to analyze knowledge on hand hygiene among staff workers in the Andalusian Public Health System (Spain). This was a cross-sectional study with surveys (2011) using the Hand Hygiene Knowledge Assessment Questionnaire for Healthcare Workers with the latent class analysis technique. The average number of questions answered correctly was 17.51±3.68. Questions with lower percentages of correct responses were those on hand hygiene for prevention of microorganism transmission to patients and those on hand- rubbing versus hand-washing. We obtained a model with 7 latent classes. Workers with lower knowledge tended to be younger, males, and non-healthcare workers. Having received previous training did not necessarily ensure excellent knowledge. The study concludes that hand hygiene training programs need to be revised in order to improve knowledge on conceptual characteristics involved in the transmission of microorganisms via the hands.O objetivo foi analisar o conhecimento sobre a higiene das mãos dos profissionais do Sistema de Saúde Andaluz (Espanha). Os inquéritos foram realizados em 2011, por meio do questionário Hand Hygiene Knowledge Questionnaire for Health-Care Workers, usando a técnica da análise de classe latente. Questões com porcentagens mais baixas de acertos são as relacionadas com a prevenção da transmissão de micro-organismos após exposição ao paciente por higiene das mãos e aquelas relacionadas com a utilização de preparações à base de álcool. Obtivemos um modelo de sete classes latentes. Principais diferenças sociodemográficas: os profissionais de conhecimentos mais baixos são homens, jovens e profissionais não relacionados à saúde; ter recebido treinamento anterior e não discriminar as pessoas com grande conhecimento. Concluímos que é necessária a revisão dos programas de formação de higiene das mãos para melhorar o conhecimento sobre aspectos conceituais da transmissão de micro-organismos pelas mãos

Correction to: Two years later: Is the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic still having an impact on emergency surgery? An international cross-sectional survey among WSES members

Background: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is still ongoing and a major challenge for health care services worldwide. In the first WSES COVID-19 emergency surgery survey, a strong negative impact on emergency surgery (ES) had been described already early in the pandemic situation. However, the knowledge is limited about current effects of the pandemic on patient flow through emergency rooms, daily routine and decision making in ES as well as their changes over time during the last two pandemic years. This second WSES COVID-19 emergency surgery survey investigates the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on ES during the course of the pandemic. Methods: A web survey had been distributed to medical specialists in ES during a four-week period from January 2022, investigating the impact of the pandemic on patients and septic diseases both requiring ES, structural problems due to the pandemic and time-to-intervention in ES routine. Results: 367 collaborators from 59 countries responded to the survey. The majority indicated that the pandemic still significantly impacts on treatment and outcome of surgical emergency patients (83.1% and 78.5%, respectively). As reasons, the collaborators reported decreased case load in ES (44.7%), but patients presenting with more prolonged and severe diseases, especially concerning perforated appendicitis (62.1%) and diverticulitis (57.5%). Otherwise, approximately 50% of the participants still observe a delay in time-to-intervention in ES compared with the situation before the pandemic. Relevant causes leading to enlarged time-to-intervention in ES during the pandemic are persistent problems with in-hospital logistics, lacks in medical staff as well as operating room and intensive care capacities during the pandemic. This leads not only to the need for triage or transferring of ES patients to other hospitals, reported by 64.0% and 48.8% of the collaborators, respectively, but also to paradigm shifts in treatment modalities to non-operative approaches reported by 67.3% of the participants, especially in uncomplicated appendicitis, cholecystitis and multiple-recurrent diverticulitis. Conclusions: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic still significantly impacts on care and outcome of patients in ES. Well-known problems with in-hospital logistics are not sufficiently resolved by now; however, medical staff shortages and reduced capacities have been dramatically aggravated over last two pandemic years