A Comparison Between Grammar-translation Method and Direct Method in Improbing Pupil's Vocab Ulary Achievement

Nowadays, many language teachers use different kinds of teaching method. Applying a certain method is one of the important factors in language teaching, especially in teaching vocabulary. Vocabulary is one of the most important parts in learning a language. Therefore, teacher has to be more concern on the method for the effectiveness of the process itself. From the above reason, this study entitled "°A Comparison between Grammar-Translation Method and Direct Method in Improving Students' Vocabulary Achievement" was employed to examine their difference in teaching vocabulary to the pupils. The participants were grade 6 pupils of Karyawangi Elementary School Parongpong, Bandung. This study was divided into three sessions: the pre-test, the implementation of Grammar-Translation Method and Direct Method, and the post­test. In the pre-test and post-test, the multiple-choice test was administered to them. In the treatment session, the researcher taught Grammar-Translation Method (GTM) to one group and the other group with the Direct Method (DM). The data obtained as follows: n1 (GTM group population) = 31, n2 (DM group population) = 27, a = 0.05. The mean of the pre-test of GTM group was 29.61 and the mean of Direct Method was 36.37. After the treatments, the mean of the post-test of GTM group was 46.45 while the mean of the post-test of DM group was 46.22. The range mean of GTM group was 16.84 while the DM group was 9.85. It means that there is a significant difference on the pupils' vocabulary improvement. It can also be concluded that Grammar-Translation Method is better than Direct Method in improving pupils' vocabulary achievement

The Effect of Communicative Language Teaching (Clt) Method on English Comprehension for Students at the Fifth Grade of SD Kartika X-3

This study incolves the students at the fifth grade of SD Kartika X-3 as the subject ofthe research. And the writer teaches them through Information Gap, games, Pair Work, etcetera. A pre and post test was administered. The data was analyzed by suing t-test. Theresult shows that students' English comprehension had improved by using CommunicativeLanguage TGeaching (CLT) method at the coefficient t counted =2265>t table = 1667 withthe significance of level in 0.05 and the degree freedon is 32 (df=n-1). The students'responses toward the post-test given prove that Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)method is effective to improve students' English comprehension ability

Improving Vocabualary Achievement Through Total Physical Response Among Grade Four Elementary School Pupils

This research is on Improving Vocabulary Achievement Through Total PhysicalResponse (TPR) among Grade Four Karyawangi Elementary School Pupils. It is administeredto answer question”Is TPR method effective in improving the vocabulary achievement of thepupils?” The data were collected through pre test and post test, administered to 31 students andwas analyzed by using t-test. The achievements showed that the mean of the pre-test was 23.06and the mean of the post-test was 64.11, while the significant = 0.003 < α = 0.05, thus theconclusion that there is a significant difference in pupils\u27 vocabulary achievement throughTotal Physical Response (TPR)

English Language Proficiency Achievement in 180 Hours Among 2006 Batch at Universitas Advent Indonesia

Nowadays, English is an official language around the world. Many people have problem forcommunicating because they do not know English. To exceed the problem, it is important tostudy English more and take Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) because it canhelp them to develop their English ability.The objective of this study is to contribute to this discussion by examining: If there is anysignificant difference in achievement of English language proficiency of the participantsafter taking English for 180 hours during six semesters.The participants were 63 young adult, they were 2006 batch enrolled in Universitas AdventIndonesia. The participants of this study have taken English Entrance Exam (E3in) in the firstsemester and English Exit Exam (E3exit) in the 6th semester.This research obtained the data as follows: X (E3in) as pre-test=63, Y (E3exit) as post-test=63.The means of pre-test was 353.65 with mean standard deviation was 24.488 and with meanstandard error was 3.085. And after the treatments, the mean of post-test was 443.83 with meanstandard deviation was 32.001 and with mean standard error was 4.032. The mean gain scorebetween the two tests was 90.17. This result was supported by t-counted result was 2.636 andt-table result was 1.671. It means that t-counted > t-table. Thus, Ha is accepted, that there is asignificant difference of achievement in English language proficiency after taking English for180 hours during six semesters

The cost‐effectiveness of prophylaxis strategies for individuals with advanced HIV starting treatment in Africa

Introduction Many HIV‐positive individuals in Africa have advanced disease when initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) so have high risks of opportunistic infections and death. The REALITY trial found that an enhanced‐prophylaxis package including fluconazole reduced mortality by 27% in individuals starting ART with CD4 <100 cells/mm3. We investigated the cost‐effectiveness of this enhanced‐prophylaxis package versus other strategies, including using cryptococcal antigen (CrAg) testing, in individuals with CD4 <200 cells/mm3 or <100 cells/mm3 at ART initiation and all individuals regardless of CD4 count. Methods The REALITY trial enrolled from June 2013 to April 2015. A decision‐analytic model was developed to estimate the cost‐effectiveness of six management strategies in individuals initiating ART in the REALITY trial countries. Strategies included standard‐prophylaxis, enhanced‐prophylaxis, standard‐prophylaxis with fluconazole; and three CrAg testing strategies, the first stratifying individuals to enhanced‐prophylaxis (CrAg‐positive) or standard‐prophylaxis (CrAg‐negative), the second to enhanced‐prophylaxis (CrAg‐positive) or enhanced‐prophylaxis without fluconazole (CrAg‐negative) and the third to standard‐prophylaxis with fluconazole (CrAg‐positive) or without fluconazole (CrAg‐negative). The model estimated costs, life‐years and quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALY) over 48 weeks using three competing mortality risks: cryptococcal meningitis; tuberculosis, serious bacterial infection or other known cause; and unknown cause. Results Enhanced‐prophylaxis was cost‐effective at cost‐effectiveness thresholds of US$300 and US$500 per QALY with an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) of US$157 per QALY in the CD4 <200 cells/mm3 population providing enhanced‐prophylaxis components are sourced at lowest available prices. The ICER reduced in more severely immunosuppressed individuals (US$113 per QALY in the CD4 <100 cells/mm3 population) and increased in all individuals regardless of CD4 count (US$722 per QALY). Results were sensitive to prices of the enhanced‐prophylaxis components. Enhanced‐prophylaxis was more effective and less costly than all CrAg testing strategies as enhanced‐prophylaxis still conveyed health gains in CrAg‐negative patients and savings from targeting prophylaxis based on CrAg status did not compensate for costs of CrAg testing. CrAg testing strategies did not become cost‐effective unless the price of CrAg testing fell below US$2.30. Conclusions The REALITY enhanced‐prophylaxis package in individuals with advanced HIV starting ART reduces morbidity and mortality, is practical to administer and is cost‐effective. Efforts should continue to ensure that components are accessed at lowest available prices

Late Presentation With HIV in Africa: Phenotypes, Risk, and Risk Stratification in the REALITY Trial.

This article has been accepted for publication in Clinical Infectious Diseases Published by Oxford University PressBackground: Severely immunocompromised human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals have high mortality shortly after starting antiretroviral therapy (ART). We investigated predictors of early mortality and "late presenter" phenotypes. Methods: The Reduction of EArly MortaLITY (REALITY) trial enrolled ART-naive adults and children ≥5 years of age with CD4 counts .1). Results: Among 1711 included participants, 203 (12%) died. Mortality was independently higher with older age; lower CD4 count, albumin, hemoglobin, and grip strength; presence of World Health Organization stage 3/4 weight loss, fever, or vomiting; and problems with mobility or self-care at baseline (all P < .04). Receiving enhanced antimicrobial prophylaxis independently reduced mortality (P = .02). Of five late-presenter phenotypes, Group 1 (n = 355) had highest mortality (25%; median CD4 count, 28 cells/µL), with high symptom burden, weight loss, poor mobility, and low albumin and hemoglobin. Group 2 (n = 394; 11% mortality; 43 cells/µL) also had weight loss, with high white cell, platelet, and neutrophil counts suggesting underlying inflammation/infection. Group 3 (n = 218; 10% mortality) had low CD4 counts (27 cells/µL), but low symptom burden and maintained fat mass. The remaining groups had 4%-6% mortality. Conclusions: Clinical and laboratory features identified groups with highest mortality following ART initiation. A screening tool could identify patients with low CD4 counts for prioritizing same-day ART initiation, enhanced prophylaxis, and intensive follow-up. Clinical Trials Registration: ISRCTN43622374.REALITY was funded by the Joint Global Health Trials Scheme (JGHTS) of the UK Department for International Development, the Wellcome Trust, and Medical Research Council (MRC) (grant number G1100693). Additional funding support was provided by the PENTA Foundation and core support to the MRC Clinical Trials Unit at University College London (grant numbers MC_UU_12023/23 and MC_UU_12023/26). Cipla Ltd, Gilead Sciences, ViiV Healthcare/GlaxoSmithKline, and Merck Sharp & Dohme donated drugs for REALITY, and ready-to-use supplementary food was purchased from Valid International. A. J. P. is funded by the Wellcome Trust (grant number 108065/Z/15/Z). J. A. B. is funded by the JGHTS (grant number MR/M007367/1). The Malawi-Liverpool–Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, University of Malawi College of Medicine (grant number 101113/Z/13/Z) and the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi (grant number 203077/Z/16/Z) are supported by strategic awards from the Wellcome Trust, United Kingdom. Permission to publish was granted by the Director of KEMRI. This supplement was supported by funds from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Mapping the medical outcomes study HIV health survey (MOS-HIV) to the EuroQoL 5 Dimension (EQ-5D-3L) utility index

10.1186/s12955-019-1135-8Health and Quality of Life Outcomes1718

Hematological abnormalities in HIV-antiretroviral therapy na&iuml;ve clients as seen at an immune suppression syndrome clinic at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital, southwestern Uganda

Crispus Katemba,1 Conrad Muzoora,2 Enoch Muwanguzi,1 Bashir Mwambi,3 Christine Atuhairwe,4 Ivan M Taremwa3 1Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda; 2Department of Internal Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda; 3Institute of Allied Health Sciences, Clarke International University, Kampala, Uganda; 4Institute of Public Health and Management, Clarke International University, Kampala, Uganda Aim/objective: To assess the common hematological abnormalities among HIV-antiretroviral therapy (ART) na&iuml;ve clients attending an immune suppression syndrome (ISS) clinic at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital (MRRH), southwestern Uganda. Patients and methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out during the months of March to August 2016 at the ISS clinic of MRRH. We collected approximately 4.0 mL of EDTA anticoagulated blood samples, which were assayed for complete blood count, CD4+ cell count and thin film examination. Correlation of the hematological abnormalities with CD4+ cell counts was done using correlation coefficient (r) and analysis of variance (F), and the p-value was set at &le;0.05. Results: A total of 141 clients were enrolled. Of these, 67.38% (95/141) were anemic, 26.24% (40/141) had thrombocytopenia while 26.95% (38/141) had leucopenia. Of the 95 participants with anemia, 89.47% (85/95) presented with normocytic-normochromic anemia, 8.42% (8/95) with microcytic-hypochromic anemia and 2.11% (2/95) with macrocytic-hypochromic anemia. Anemia was not different across the several World Health Organization (WHO) stages of HIV infection disease progression (p&gt;0.05). Statistically significant differences were present among participants with leucopenia (p&lt;0.05). Also, leucopenia was more prevalent (11/38) among participants in WHO stage 4 of HIV infection. CD4+ cell counts correlated with thrombocytopenia (r=0.24, p&lt;0.05) and leucopenia (r=0.15, p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: People living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHIV/AIDS) ought to be routinely monitored and treated for the occurrence of hematological abnormalities. Early initiation of ART can help to prevent some hematological abnormalities. Keywords: antiretroviral therapy, HIV, leucopenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, Ugand