124 research outputs found
The X-shooter Spectral Library (XSL): I. DR1. Near-ultraviolet through optical spectra from the first year of the survey
We present the first release of XSL, the X-Shooter Spectral Library. This
release contains 237 stars spanning the wavelengths 3000--10200 \AA\ observed
at a resolving power . The spectra
were obtained at ESO's 8-m Very Large Telescope (VLT). The sample contains O --
M, long-period variable (LPV), C and S stars. The spectra are flux-calibrated
and telluric-corrected. We describe a new technique for the telluric
correction. The wavelength coverage, spectral resolution and spectral type of
this library make it well suited to stellar population synthesis of galaxies
and clusters, kinematical investigation of stellar systems and studying the
physics of cool stars.Comment: 41 pages, 38 figures, 5 tables. Accepted for publication in A&A.
Webpage: http://xsl.u-strasbg.fr
Analysis of Red Supergiants in VDBH 222
Abstract
Recent surveys uncovered new young massive clusters (YMCs) that host dozens of red supergiants (RSGs) in the inner Milky Way. These clusters are ideal for studying the most recent and violent star formation events in the inner Galaxy. However, due to the high extinction that affects the Galactic plane, they need to be studied through infrared (IR) spectroscopy. IR spectra of RSGs have proven to be powerful tools for obtaining chemical abundances. We present the first [Fe/H] measurement (−0.07 ± 0.02) for the YMC VdBH 222 through analysis of its RSGs using Very Large Telescope/X-shooter spectra. We find no evidence for multiple stellar populations in this YMC, contrary to what is routinely observed in older massive clusters.</jats:p
Carbon stars in the X-shooter Spectral Library
We provide a new collection of spectra of 35 carbon stars obtained with the
ESO/VLT X-shooter instrument as part of the X-shooter Spectral Library project.
The spectra extend from 0.3m to 2.4m with a resolving power above
8000. The sample contains stars with a broad range of (J-K) color and
pulsation properties located in the Milky Way and the Magellanic Clouds. We
show that the distribution of spectral properties of carbon stars at a given
(J-K) color becomes bimodal (in our sample) when (J-K) is larger than about
1.5. We describe the two families of spectra that emerge, characterized by the
presence or absence of the absorption feature at 1.53m, generally
associated with HCN and CH. This feature appears essentially only in
large-amplitude variables, though not in all observations. Associated spectral
signatures that we interpret as the result of veiling by circumstellar matter,
indicate that the 1.53m feature might point to episodes of dust production
in carbon-rich Miras.Comment: 29 pages, 21 figures, 9 tables, Accepted for publication in A&
Carbon stars in the X-shooter Spectral Library. II. Comparison with models
In a previous paper, we assembled a collection of medium-resolution spectra
of 35 carbon stars, covering optical and near-infrared wavelengths from 400 to
2400 nm. The sample includes stars from the Milky Way and the Magellanic
Clouds, with a variety of colors and pulsation properties. In the
present paper, we compare these observations to a new set of high-resolution
synthetic spectra, based on hydrostatic model atmospheres. We find that the
broad-band colors and the molecular-band strengths measured by
spectrophotometric indices match those of the models when is bluer
than about 1.6, while the redder stars require either additional reddening or
dust emission or both. Using a grid of models to fit the full observed spectra,
we estimate the most likely atmospheric parameters , ,
and C/O. These parameters derived independently in the
optical and near-infrared are generally consistent when . The
temperatures found based on either wavelength range are typically within
100K of each other, and and are consistent
with the values expected for this sample. The reddest stars ( 1.6)
are divided into two families, characterized by the presence or absence of an
absorption feature at 1.53\,m, generally associated with HCN and
CH. Stars from the first family begin to be more affected by
circumstellar extinction. The parameters found using optical or near-infrared
wavelengths are still compatible with each other, but the error bars become
larger. In stars showing the 1.53\,m feature, which are all
large-amplitude variables, the effects of pulsation are strong and the spectra
are poorly matched with hydrostatic models. For these, atmospheric parameters
could not be derived reliably, and dynamical models are needed for proper
interpretation.Comment: 25 pages (11 pages main part, figures and tables in appendix
The Gaia-ESO Survey: 3D dynamics of young groups and clusters from GES and Gaia EDR3
We present the first large-scale 3D kinematic study of ~2000
spectroscopically-confirmed young stars (<20 Myr) in 18 star clusters and OB
associations (hereafter groups) from the combination of Gaia astrometry and
Gaia-ESO Survey spectroscopy. We measure 3D velocity dispersions for all
groups, which range from 0.61 to 7.4 km/s (1D velocity dispersions of 0.35 to
4.3 km/s). We find the majority of groups have anisotropic velocity
dispersions, suggesting they are not dynamically relaxed. From the 3D velocity
dispersions, measured radii and estimates of total mass we estimate the virial
state and find that all systems are super-virial when only the stellar mass is
considered, but that some systems are sub-virial when the mass of the molecular
cloud is taken into account. We observe an approximately linear correlation
between the 3D velocity dispersion and the group mass, which would imply that
the virial state of groups scales as the square root of the group mass.
However, we do not observe a strong correlation between virial state and group
mass. In agreement with their virial state we find that nearly all of the
groups studied are in the process of expanding and that the expansion is
anisotropic, implying that groups were not spherical prior to expansion. One
group, Rho Oph, is found to be contracting and in a sub-virial state (when the
mass of the surrounding molecular cloud is considered). This work provides a
glimpse of the potential of the combination of Gaia and data from the next
generation of spectroscopic surveys.Comment: 25 pages, 12 figures, submitted to MNRA
Modelling simple stellar populations in the near-ultraviolet to near-infrared with the X-shooter Spectral Library (XSL)
We present simple stellar population models based on the empirical X-shooter
Spectral Library (XSL) from NUV to NIR wavelengths. The unmatched
characteristics of relatively high resolution and extended wavelength coverage
( nm, ) of the XSL population models bring us closer to
bridging optical and NIR studies of intermediate and old stellar populations.
It is now common to find good agreement between observed and predicted NUV and
optical properties of stellar clusters due to our good understanding of the
main-sequence and early giant phases of stars. However, NIR spectra of
intermediate-age and old stellar populations are sensitive to cool K and M
giants. The asymptotic giant branch, especially the thermally pulsing
asymptotic giant branch, shapes the NIR spectra of Gyr old stellar
populations; the tip of the red giant branch defines the NIR spectra of
populations with ages larger than that. We construct sequences of the average
spectra of static giants, variable-rich giants, and C-rich giants to include in
the models separately. The models span the metallicity range
and ages above 50 Myr, a broader range in the NIR than in other models based on
empirical spectral libraries. Our models can reproduce the integrated optical
colours of the Coma cluster galaxies at the same level as other semi-empirical
models found in the literature. In the NIR, there are notable differences
between the colours of the models and Coma cluster galaxies. The XSL models
expand the range of predicted values of NIR indices compared to other models
based on empirical libraries. Our models make it possible to perform in-depth
studies of colours and spectral features consistently throughout the optical
and the NIR range to clarify the role of evolved cool stars in stellar
populations.Comment: 30 pages, 26 figures, accepted to Astronomy & Astrophysics, models
will be available on http://xsl.astro.unistra.fr/ upon publishin
The Gaia-ESO Survey: Membership probabilities for stars in 32 open clusters from 3D kinematics
The Gaia-ESO Survey (GES) observed many open clusters as part of its
programme to spectroscopically characterise the various Milky Way populations.
GES spectroscopy and Gaia astrometry from its second data release are used here
to assign membership probabilities to targets towards 32 open clusters with
ages from 1-3800 Myr, based on maximum likelihood modelling of the 3D
kinematics of the cluster and field populations. From a parent catalogue of
14398 individual targets, 5033 stars with uniformly determined 3D velocities,
, and chemistry are assigned cluster membership with
probability , and with an average probability of 0.991. The robustness of
the membership probabilities is demonstrated using independent membership
criteria (lithium and parallax) in two of the youngest clusters. The addition
of radial velocities improves membership discrimination over proper motion
selection alone, especially in more distant clusters. The
kinematically-selected nature of the membership lists, independent of
photometry and chemistry, makes the catalogue a valuable resource for testing
stellar evolutionary models and investigating the time evolution of various
parameters
The Gaia-ESO Survey: Empirical estimates of stellar ages from lithium equivalent widths (EAGLES)
We present an empirical model of age-dependent photospheric lithium
depletion, calibrated using a large, homogeneously-analysed sample of 6200
stars in 52 open clusters, with ages from 2--6000 Myr and , observed in the Gaia-ESO spectroscopic survey. The model is used
to obtain age estimates and posterior age probability distributions from
measurements of the Li I 6708A equivalent width for individual (pre) main
sequence stars with , a domain where age
determination from the HR diagram is either insensitive or highly
model-dependent. In the best cases, precisions of 0.1 dex in log age are
achievable; even higher precision can be obtained for coeval groups and
associations where the individual age probabilities of their members can be
combined. The method is validated on a sample of exoplanet-hosting young stars,
finding agreement with claimed young ages for some, but not others. We obtain
better than 10 per cent precision in age, and excellent agreement with
published ages, for seven well-studied young moving groups. The derived ages
for young clusters ( Gyr) in our sample are also in good agreement with
their training ages, and consistent with several published, model-insensitive
lithium depletion boundary ages. For older clusters there remain systematic age
errors that could be as large as a factor of two. There is no evidence to link
these errors to any strong systematic metallicity dependence of (pre) main
sequence lithium depletion, at least in the range . Our methods and model are provided as software -- "Empirical AGes from
Lithium Equivalent widthS" (EAGLES).Comment: Accepted for publication in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical
Societ
The Gaia -ESO Survey: Galactic evolution of lithium at high metallicity
Context. Reconstructing the Galactic evolution of lithium (Li) is the main tool used to constrain the source(s) of Li enrichment in the Galaxy. Recent results have suggested a decline in Li at supersolar metallicities, which may indicate reduced production. Aims. We exploit the unique characteristics of the Gaia-ESO Survey open star cluster sample to further investigate this issue and to better constrain the evolution of Li at high metallicity. Methods. We trace the upper envelope of Li abundance versus metallicity evolution using 18 clusters and considering members that should not have suffered any Li depletion. Results. At variance with previous claims, we do not find any evidence of a Li decrease at high metallicity. The most metal-rich clusters in the sample ([Fe/H] = ∼0.3) actually show the highest Li abundances, with A(Li) > 3.4. Our results clearly show that previous findings, which were based on field stars, were affected by selection effects. The metal-rich population in the solar neighbourhood is composed of relatively old and cool stars that have already undergone some Li depletion; hence, their measured Li does not represent the initial interstellar medium abundance, but a lower limit to it
Gaia-ESO survey: Lithium abundances in open cluster Red Clump stars
Context. It has recently been suggested that all giant stars with masses below 2 M⊙ suffer an episode of surface lithium enrichment between the tip of the red giant branch (RGB) and the red clump (RC).
Aims. We test if the above result can be confirmed in a sample of RC and RGB stars that are members of open clusters.
Methods. We discuss Li abundances in six open clusters with ages between 1.5 and 4.9 Gyr (turn-off masses between 1.1 and 1.7 M⊙). We compare these observations with the predictions of different models that include rotation-induced mixing, thermohaline instability, mixing induced by the first He flash, and energy losses by neutrino magnetic moment.
Results. In six clusters, we find close to 35% of RC stars have Li abundances that are similar or higher than those of upper RGB stars. This can be a sign of fresh Li production. Because of the extra-mixing episode connected to the luminosity bump, the expectation has been for RC stars to have systematically lower surface Li abundances. However, we cannot confirm that this possible Li production is ubiquitous. For about 65% of RC giants, we can only determine upper limits in abundances that could be hiding very low Li content.
Conclusions. Our results indicate the possibility that Li is being produced in the RC, at levels that would not typically permit the classification of these the stars as Li rich. The determination of their carbon isotopic ratio would help to confirm that the RC giants have suffered extra mixing followed by subsequent Li enrichment. The Li abundances of the RC stars can be qualitatively explained by the models including an additional mixing episode close to the He flash.</jats:p
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