Potential applications for virtual and augmented reality technologies in sensory science

peer-reviewedSensory science has advanced significantly in the past decade and is quickly evolving to become a key tool for predicting food product success in the marketplace. Increasingly, sensory data techniques are moving towards more dynamic aspects of sensory perception, taking account of the various stages of user-product interactions. Recent technological advancements in virtual reality and augmented reality have unlocked the potential for new immersive and interactive systems which could be applied as powerful tools for capturing and deciphering the complexities of human sensory perception. This paper reviews recent advancements in virtual and augmented reality technologies and identifies and explores their potential application within the field of sensory science. The paper also considers the possible benefits for the food industry as well as key challenges posed for widespread adoption. The findings indicate that these technologies have the potential to alter the research landscape in sensory science by facilitating promising innovations in five principal areas: consumption context, biometrics, food structure and texture, sensory marketing and augmenting sensory perception. Although the advent of augmented and virtual reality in sensory science offers new exciting developments, the exploitation of these technologies is in its infancy and future research will understand how they can be fully integrated with food and human responses. Industrial relevance: The need for sensory evaluation within the food industry is becoming increasingly complex as companies continuously compete for consumer product acceptance in today's highly innovative and global food environment. Recent technological developments in virtual and augmented reality offer the food industry new opportunities for generating more reliable insights into consumer sensory perceptions of food and beverages, contributing to the design and development of new products with optimised consumer benefits. These technologies also hold significant potential for improving the predictive validity of newly launched products within the marketplace

Pesticide And Transformation Product Detections And Age-Dating Relations From Till And Sand Deposits

Pesticide and transformation product concentrations and frequencies in ground water from areas of similar crop and pesticide applications may vary substantially with differing lithologies. Pesticide analysis data for atrazine, metolachlor, alachlor, acetochlor, and cyanazine and their pesticide transformation products were collected at 69 monitoring wells in Illinois and northern Indiana to document occurrence of pesticides and their transformation products in two agricultural areas of differing lithologies, till, and sand. The till is primarily tile drained and has preferential fractured flow, whereas the sand primarily has surface water drainage and primary porosity flow. Transformation products represent most of the agricultural pesticides in ground water regardless of aquifer material – till or sand. Transformation products were detected more frequently than parent pesticides in both the till and sand, with metolachlor ethane sulfonic acid being most frequently detected. Estimated ground-water recharge dates for the sand were based on chlorofluorocarbon analyses. These age-dating data indicate that ground water recharged prior to 1990 is more likely to have a detection of a pesticide or pesticide transformation product. Detections were twice as frequent in ground water recharged prior to 1990 (82%) than in ground water recharged on or after 1990 (33%). The highest concentrations of atrazine, alachlor, metolachlor, and their transformation products, also were detected in samples from ground water recharged prior to 1990. These age ⁄ pesticide detection relations are opposite of what would normally be expected, and may be the result of preferential flow and ⁄ or ground-water mixing between aquifers and aquitards as evident by the detection of acetochlor transformation products in samples with estimated ground-water ages predating initial pesticide application

Platypus and echidna genomes reveal mammalian biology and evolution

Egg-laying mammals (monotremes) are the only extant mammalian outgroup to therians (marsupial and eutherian animals) and provide key insights into mammalian evolution1,2. Here we generate and analyse reference genomes of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) and echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus), which represent the only two extant monotreme lineages. The nearly complete platypus genome assembly has anchored almost the entire genome onto chromosomes, markedly improving the genome continuity and gene annotation. Together with our echidna sequence, the genomes of the two species allow us to detect the ancestral and lineage-specific genomic changes that shape both monotreme and mammalian evolution. We provide evidence that the monotreme sex chromosome complex originated from an ancestral chromosome ring configuration. The formation of such a unique chromosome complex may have been facilitated by the unusually extensive interactions between the multi-X and multi-Y chromosomes that are shared by the autosomal homologues in humans. Further comparative genomic analyses unravel marked differences between monotremes and therians in haptoglobin genes, lactation genes and chemosensory receptor genes for smell and taste that underlie the ecological adaptation of monotremes.We thank members of BGI-Shenzhen, China National GeneBank and VGP, and P. Baybayan, R. Hall and J. Howard for help carrying out the sequencing of the platypus and echidna genomes, M. Asahara for discussion, and D. Charlesworth for comments. Work was supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB31020000), the National Key R&D Program of China (MOST) grant 2018YFC1406901, International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (152453KYSB20170002), Carlsberg foundation (CF16-0663) and Villum Foundation (25900) to G.Z. Q.Z. is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31722050, 31671319 and 32061130208), Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (LD19C190001), European Research Council Starting Grant (grant agreement 677696) and start-up funds from Zhejiang University.T.H. was financed by JSPS KAKENHI grant numbers 16K18630 and 19K16241 and the Sasakawa Scientific Research Grant from the Japan Science Society. The echidna RNA-sequencing analysis was supported by H.K.’s grant from the European Research Council (615253, OntoTransEvol). This work was supported by Guangdong Provincial Academician Workstation of BGI Synthetic Genomics No. 2017B090904014 (H.Y.), Robert and Rosabel Osborne Endowment, Howard Hughes Medical Institute (E.D.J.), Rockefeller University start-up funds (E.D.J.), Intramural Research Program of the National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health (A.R. and A.M.P.), Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute HI17C2098 (A.R.). This work used the computational resources of BGI-Shenzhen and the NIH HPC Biowulf cluster (https://hpc.nih.gov). Animal icons are from https://www.flaticon.com/ (made by Freepik) and http://phylopic.org/

Vibrational and thermal properties of crystalline topiramate

Topiramate, a powerful anticonvulsant drug, was investigated by X-ray diffractometry, FT-Raman, FT-IR, TGA and DTA techniques as well as by DFT calculations. From this study it was possible to tentatively assign most of the normal vibrational modes of the crystal. Thermal analysis from room temperature to 900 ºC shows that the material does not present any structural phase transition and that the decomposition occurs in a two-step exothermic process.O topiramato, que é uma poderosa droga anticonvulsiva utilizada para controlar os sintomas da epilepsia, foi investigado pelas técnicas de difratometria de raios X, FT-Raman, FT-infravermelho, análise termogravimétrica, análise térmica diferencial e cálculos com teoria do funcional de densidade. A partir deste estudo foi possível identificar a maior parte das bandas observadas nos espectros Raman e infravermelho. Das análises térmicas, efetuadas da temperatura ambiente até 900 ºC, verificou-se que o material não apresenta nenhuma mudança de fase e que a decomposição ocorre num processo exotérmico de duas etapas.16071613Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Multiculturalism and multicultural education approaches to Indigenous people’s education in Taiwan

Taiwan has cast multicultural policies as a remedy for inequalities and injustices its 16 Indigenous groups face. Such policies aim to revive Indigenous languages and cultures and create a more welcoming and inclusive environment in schools. Despite the fact that Indigenous people are expected to be primary beneficiaries of these policies, not much is known about how they have affected Indigenous students and communities, if at all. Relying on in-depth semi-structured interviews with 16 Indigenous participants, this paper explores whether the policies have accomplished or are on the way to accomplishing the goals set, as seen by Indigenous people. The findings show that the multicultural approach to education is still informed by assimilationist logic that expects Indigenous people to adjust to the culture and orientations of the dominant group, and as such, does not redress the existing injustices and inequalities

A questionnaire-based (UM-PDHQ) study of hallucinations in Parkinson's disease

Background: Hallucinations occur in 20-40% of PD patients and have been associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes (i.e., nursing home placement, increased mortality). Hallucinations, like other non-motor features of PD, are not well recognized in routine primary/secondary clinical practice. So far, there has been no instrument for uniform characterization of hallucinations in PD. To this end, we developed the University of Miami Parkinson's disease Hallucinations Questionnaire (UM-PDHQ) that allows comprehensive assessment of hallucinations in clinical or research settings.Methods: The UM-PDHQ is composed of 6 quantitative and 14 qualitative items. For our study PD patients of all ages and in all stages of the disease were recruited over an 18-month period. The UPDRS, MMSE, and Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories were used for comparisons.Results and Discussion: Seventy consecutive PD patients were included in the analyses. Thirty-one (44.3%) were classified as hallucinators and 39 as non-hallucinators. No significant group differences were observed in terms of demographics, disease characteristics, stage, education, depressive/anxiety scores or cognitive functioning (MMSE) between hallucinators and non-hallucinators. Single mode hallucinations were reported in 20/31 (visual/14, auditory/4, olfactory/2) whereas multiple modalities were reported in 11/31 patients. The most common hallucinatory experience was a whole person followed by small animals, insects and reptiles.Conclusion: Using the UM-PDHQ, we were able to define the key characteristics of hallucinations in PD in our cohort. Future directions include the validation of the quantitative part of the questionnaire than will serve as a rating scale for severity of hallucinations

Dopamine Agonists and their risk to induce psychotic episodes in Parkinson's disease: a case-control study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Psychosis is rare in untreated patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) but the prevalence rises to 40% during dopaminergic treatment. So far, no systematic comparison of the psychogenic potential of different dopaminergic drugs had been performed.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Eighty PD patients with psychotic episodes were compared to an age-matched control group of PD patients without psychotic episodes (n = 120) in a cross-sectional retrospective study.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We found a positive correlation between psychotic episodes and dementia, number of concomitant medication, and pergolide intake. Odds ratio calculation confirmed the association with dementia. With respect to dopaminergic treatment, pergolide showed the highest odds ratio, levodopa the lowest. An adjusted logistic regression model confirmed the strong association with psychotic episodes and pergolide and no association with levodopa (adjusted odds ratio 2.01 and 0.11, respectively).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The analysis indicates that dementia and concomitant medication are factors in PD associated with psychotic symptoms. Furthermore, different dopaminergic drugs showed markedly different associations with psychotic symptoms</p

DGCR8 HITS-CLIP reveals novel functions for the Microprocessor

The Drosha-DGCR8 complex (Microprocessor) is required for microRNA (miRNA) biogenesis. DGCR8 recognizes the RNA substrate, whereas Drosha functions as the endonuclease. High-throughput sequencing and crosslinking immunoprecipitation (HITS-CLIP) was used to identify RNA targets of DGCR8 in human cells. Unexpectedly, miRNAs were not the most abundant targets. DGCR8-bound RNAs also comprised several hundred mRNAs as well as snoRNAs and long non-coding RNAs. We found that the Microprocessor controls the abundance of several mRNAs as well as of MALAT-1. By contrast, DGCR8-mediated cleavage of snoRNAs is independent of Drosha, suggesting the involvement of DGCR8 in cellular complexes with other endonucleases. Interestingly, binding of DGCR8 to cassette exons, acts as a novel mechanism to regulate the relative abundance of alternatively spliced isoforms. Collectively, these data provide new insights in the complex role of DGCR8 in controlling the fate of several classes of RNAs