MILK PRICING IN THE UNITED STATES

This report provides a primer on the complex pricing system that has evolved in the United States to deal with milk production, its assembly (collection), and its distribution to alternative users. All the various government and private institutions making up the system are expected to work together to ensure that the public gets the milk it wants, while dairy farmers get the economic returns needed to provide the milk. The major institutions are the Federal milk price support program and milk marketing orders, the Northeast Interstate Dairy Compact, State regulations, dairy cooperatives, and milk and dairy product futures and options markets. Our goal is to provide a primer on milk pricing that can serve as a steppingstone to other, more detailed works for those so inclined.Dairy, milk pricing, Demand and Price Analysis, Livestock Production/Industries,

Structure of Dairy Markets: Past, Present, Future

The U.S. dairy industry, many segments of which supported dairy policy changes in the 1996 Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act, is much different than it was 20 or even 10 years ago. This report provides a historical overview of the industry, more detailed examinations of the fluid milk market and selected manufactured dairy product markets, a discussion of future prospects and trends in the industry, and some thoughts on the implications of those prospects and trends for dairy farmers and their organizations, processors, dairy product manufacturers, and retailers.dairy, butter, cheese, nonfat dry milk, market structure, pricing, competition, Livestock Production/Industries, Marketing,

Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin\u27s Contribu-Tions To Glacial Geology

So prominent did Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin become in the field of glacial geology that it is a matter of some interest and importance to consider what was the status of the science at the time he turned his attention, as a student and a teacher, to it. So voluminous is the literature of this subject that it is obvious that one cannot in a sketch of this kind give even a general summary of the many books and papers on the subject published in this country, even were it desirable to do so. The intention is to indicate only what were some of the most notable investigations and publications. Some of Professor Chamberlin\u27s most important contributions are undoubtedly woven into the warp and woof of the productions of the numerous men who were closely associated with him and carrying on field observations under his direction. So intimate were these relations that, as the writer himself found, it was sometimes difficult in the end to discriminate between the ideas which the student might feel were his own and those which he had absorbed from contact with the professor. About fifty years before the birth of Thomas Chamberlin, which occurred in Mattoon, Illinois, in 1843, references to scattered erratics, and what was later recognized to be glacial drift, began to appear in the scientific literature of North America. For a long time this material was regarded as diluvium, or the product of transportation by Noah\u27s flood of biblical note, and many curious explanations were offered as to how this debris was transported and left scattered over hill and dale. The theory of transportation and deposition of the drift of Northern Europe by a continental ice sheet, as postulated by Louis Agassiz in 1837, was put on a firm foundation by the publication, in 1840, of Agassiz\u27 Etude sur les Glaciers, which set forth the results of his own studies, together with those of Charpentier, Venetz, and Hugi. In 1846 Agassiz came to America and he very soon began the application of the theory of field studies of the drift in the United States. By the time Mr. Chamberlin had completed his undergraduate studies at Beloit College, in Beloit, Wisconsin, in 1866, the caution with which the theory of continental glaciation was received, both in Europe and America, had given place to rather general, though not unanimous, acceptance among geologists

Synopsis of biological data on the pink shrimp, Pandalus borealis Kroyer, 1838

This synopsis of the literature was designed to summarize the biological and biochemical studies involving Pandalus borealis as well as to provide a summary of the literature regarding the fisheries data published before early 1984. Included are many unpublished observations, drawn from studies at the State of Maine Department of Marine Resources Laboratory in West Boothbay Harbor, Maine. (PDF file contains 63 pages.

Anisotropic constitutive modeling for nickel base single crystal superalloy Rene N4 at 982 C

A back stress/drag stress constitutive model based on a crystallographic approach to model single crystal anisotropy is presented. Experimental results demonstrated the need for the back stress variable in the inelastic flow equations. Experimental findings suggested that back stress is orientation dependent and controls both strain hardening and recovery characteristics. Due to the observed stable fatigue loops at 1800 F, drag stress is considered constant for this temperature. The constitutive model operated with constraints determined only from tensile data was extensively tested from simple tensile and fatigue to complicated strain hold tests. The model predicted very well under those conditions

Witnessing a Galaxy Cluster Merger with JWST and a Chandra X-ray Temperature Map

The first James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) image released was of galaxy cluster SMACSJ0723.3- 7327, a lensing cluster at z=0.39 showing detail only JWST can provide. While the majority of the focus has been on the brilliantly lensed galaxies at redshifts far beyond it, there is more to the story than it being just a lensing cluster. The Chandra X-ray temperature map tells a tale of a merging cluster with a significant subcluster leaving a wake in the intracluster medium (ICM). This paper presents a high fidelity temperature map of SMACSJ0723.3-7327 using adaptive circular binning, overlaid with the JWST image, showing clear signs of merger activity. As the ICM extends well past the boundaries of the JWST imagery, and no low-frequency radio observations are yet published, a fuller story of this cluster remains to be told. This new X-ray temperature map reveals new details of a moderately distant actively merging cluster.Comment: 4 Pages, 1 Figure, Submitted to Research Notes

Dominance of grain size impacts on seasonal snow albedo at deforested sites in New Hampshire

Snow cover serves as a major control on the surface energy budget in temperate regions due to its high reflectivity compared to underlying surfaces. Winter in the northeastern United States has changed over the last several decades, resulting in shallower snowpacks, fewer days of snow cover, and increasing precipitation falling as rain in the winter. As these climatic changes occur, it is imperative that we understand current controls on the evolution of seasonal snow albedo in the region. Over three winter seasons between 2013 and 2015, snow characterization measurements were made at three open sites across New Hampshire. These near-daily measurements include spectral albedo, snow optical grain size determined through contact spectroscopy, snow depth, snow density, black carbon content, local meteorological parameters, and analysis of storm trajectories using the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model. Using analysis of variance, we determine that land-based winter storms result in marginally higher albedo than coastal storms or storms from the Atlantic Ocean. Through multiple regression analysis, we determine that snow grain size is significantly more important in albedo reduction than black carbon content or snow density. And finally, we present a parameterization of albedo based on days since snowfall and temperature that accounts for 52% of variance in albedo over all three sites and years. Our improved understanding of current controls on snow albedo in the region will allow for better assessment of potential response of seasonal snow albedo and snow cover to changing climate