Perspectivas da Inovação Tecnológica: análises comparativas da dinâmica tecnológica entre Brasil e Coréia

O presente artigo foi construído a partir da análise da importância das inovações tecnológicas e sua relação com o desenvolvimento econômico e social para os países. Neste contexto, enfatizamos de forma comparativa os sistemas inovativos do Brasil e da Coréia, traçando um paralelo entre ciências e inovações tecnológicas, suas políticas públicas e os processos históricos de cada qual, respeitando suas idiossincrasias sociais, culturais e econômicas, mas sem perder de vista a finalidade precípua desses dois países, qual seja, a competição em mercados globais

The measurement of individual differences in behavioural inhibition and behavioural activation systems: a comparison of personality scales

The measurement of anxiety and impulsivity dimensions is one of the main problems that Gray's model faces in human research. Contrary to most personality models, Gray's model has no standard way to assess the personality dimensions that arise from the theory. Multiple measurement strategies have been used, some of them introducing conceptual errors and difficult outcome comparisons. In this paper, scales most used in anxiety and impulsivity assessment are studied and compared in order to provide some empirical clues that could help in the decision on which scale to use for the assessment of individual differences in anxiety and impulsivity dimensions. Some validity criteria are proposed as convergence with other measures, orthogonality, and correlations with the Extraversion and Neuroticism scales. From the analyses performed with 538 university students, a high homogeneity in anxiety measures is observed, being the Sensitivity to Punishment and Harm Avoidance scales which best fits in validity criteria. A lesser homogeneity is observed across impulsivity scales; in this case the Sensitivity to Reward and I7 scales showed the best results

Induction of metamorphosis in Hermissenda crassicornis larvae (Mollusca: Nudibranchia) by GABA, choline and serotonin

The nudibranch mollusc Hermissenda crassicornis is currently used as a biomedical model in neurobiological studies. It possesses planktotrophic larvae which metamorphose in the laboratory in the presence of the hydroid Tubularia crocea in yields of about 2–5% (Tamse et al., 1990). This study presents evidence that artificial metamorphic inducers such as GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid), choline, and serotonin (alone or combined with the natural inducer T. crocea), can be used to improve the metamorphic success in H. crassicornis larvae. GABA at 10−5M and 10−4M, choline at 10−3M and 10−4M, and serotonin at 10−5 M and 10−4M, were most effective, while serotonin at 10−3 M was toxic. Larvae 47 and 63 days old metamorphosed at different rates when exposed to the same concentrations of chemicals, but these had no positive effect on young larvae, i.e., 28 and 39 days old. On the other hand, when young larvae were exposed to the natural inducer, an habituation phenomenon was observed, i.e., the larvae did not metamorphose. Exposing the larvae to the natural inducer after larval day 47 improved the metamorphic yield by about 100%. These results indicate that the optimum larval age for inducing metamorphosis in H. crassicornis is older than previously considered.Peer reviewe

Biological factors affecting larval growth in the nudibranch mollusc Hermissenda crassicornis (Eschscholtz, 1831)

The nudibranch mollusc Hermissenda crassicornis is used as a biomedical model for studying learning and memory. It is an eurytrophic benthic species with long-term, planktotrophic larvae, and it has been cultured in our laboratory for several years. This paper reports the effects of some dietary factors on H. crassicornis larvae that were investigated in order to establish the conditions 21 for optimal larval growth. Of the several treatments tested, densities of 1–4 larvae ml , a diet of Isochrysis galbana Parke and Rhodomonas salina (Wislouch) Butcher at a 1:1 mixture, and an 3 21 algal density of 10–25 3 10 cells ml yielded the largest, healthiest larvae, that underwent metamorphosis. Both diet quantity and quality, as well as larval density, had an effect on larval growth and metamorphosis of Hermissenda crassicornis in the laboratory. 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.Peer reviewe

Neural signatures of human fear conditioning: an updated and extended meta-analysis of fMRI studies

Classical Pavlovian fear conditioning remains the most widely employed experimental model of fear and anxiety, and continues to inform contemporary pathophysiological accounts of clinical anxiety disorders. Despite its widespread application in human and animal studies, the neurobiological basis of fear conditioning remains only partially understood. Here we provide a comprehensive meta-analysis of human fear-conditioning studies carried out with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), yielding a pooled sample of 677 participants from 27 independent studies. As a distinguishing feature of this meta-analysis, original statistical brain maps were obtained from the authors of 13 of these studies. Our primary analyses demonstrate that human fear conditioning is associated with a consistent and robust pattern of neural activation across a hypothesized genuine network of brain regions resembling existing anatomical descriptions of the ‘central autonomic–interoceptive network’. This finding is discussed with a particular emphasis on the neural substrates of conscious fear processing. Our associated meta-analysis of functional deactivations —a scarcely addressed dynamic in fMRI fear-conditioning studies—also suggests the existence of a coordinated brain response potentially underlying the ‘safety signal’ (that is, non-threat) processing. We attempt to provide an integrated summary on these findings with the view that they may inform ongoing studies of fear-conditioning processes both in healthy and clinical populations, as investigated with neuroimaging and other experimental approaches.status: publishe