Nontargeted Lipidomic Characterization of Porcine Organs Using Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography and Off-Line Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Abstract Lipids form a significant part of animal organs and they are responsible for important biological functions, such as semi-permeability and fluidity of membranes, signaling activity, anti-inflammatory processes, etc. We have performed a comprehensive nontargeted lipidomic characterization of porcine brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, spinal cord, spleen, and stomach using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI/MS) to describe the representation of individual lipid classes in these organs. Detailed information on identified lipid species inside classes are obtained based on relative abundances of deprotonated molecules [M-H] -in the negative-ion ESI mass spectra, which provides important knowledge on phosphatidylethanolamines and their different forms of fatty acyl linkage (ethers and plasmalogens), phosphatidylinositols, and hexosylceramides containing nonhydroxy-and hydroxy-fatty acyls. The detailed analysis of identified lipid classes using reversed-phase liquid chromatography in the second dimension was performed for porcine brain to determine more than 160 individual lipid species containing attached fatty acyls of different acyl chain length, double-bond number, and positions on the glycerol skeleton. The fatty acid composition of porcine organs is determined by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection after the transesterification with sodium methoxide

Nadciśnienie tętnicze a ciąża

Nadciśnienie tętnicze występuje u około 5–10% wszystkich kobiet w ciąży, a jego powikłania stanowią jedną z głównych przyczyn śmierci matki i płodu. Nadciśnienie tętnicze w ciąży rozpoznaje się przy wartościach ≥ 140 i/lub 90 mm Hg. Wyróżnia się następujące postaci nadciśnienia tętniczego w ciąży: • przewlekłe, występujące przed ciążą lub przed 20. tygodniem jej trwania i utrzymujące się dłużej niż 42 dni po porodzie; • wywołane ciążą, rozwijające się po 20. tygodniu jej trwania: — bez białkomoczu; — ze współistniejącym białkomoczem — stan przedrzucawkowy (pre-eklampsia) charakteryzujący się białkomoczem powyżej 3 g na dobę; występuje w przebiegu nadciśnienia przewlekłego lub nadciśnienia wywołanego ciążą po 20. tygodniu jej trwania; obrzęki obecne u 60% kobiet w ciąży nie stanowią obecnie kryterium rozpoznania stanu przedrzucawkowego; • nieokreślone nadciśnienie tętnicze (objawowe lub bezobjawowe) rozpoznane po 20. tygodniu ciąży wymaga ponownej oceny po conajmniej 42 dniach od rozwiązania; jeżeli ciśnienie powraca do wartości prawidłowych, można rozpoznać nadciśnienie wywołane ciążą, jeśli jednak nadciśnienie nadal się utrzymuje, należy rozpoznać nadciśnienie przewlekłe. W ramach leczenia u kobiet z nadciśnieniem przewlekłym zaleca się: • postępowanie niefarmakologiczne, jeżeli wartości ciśnienia mieszczą się w granicach 140–149/90–99 mm Hg; • przeciwwskazane jest zmniejszenie masy ciała (może spowodować zahamowanie wzrostu płodu); • mała dawka kwasu acetylosalicylowego, jeśli w wywiadzie stwierdzono stan przedrzucawkowy w poprzedniej ciąży. Leczenie farmakologiczne wprowadza się, gdy: • ciśnienie skurczowe wynosi ≥ 140 mm Hg lub rozkurczowe ≥ 90 mm Hg u kobiet z nadciśnieniem wywołanym ciążą lub z przewlekłym nadciśnieniem tętniczym i uszkodzeniami narządowymi; • w innych przypadkach, gdy wartość ciśnienia wynosi ≥ 150/95 mmHg. Lekami z wyboru są: metyldopa, labetalol, antagoniści wapnia i beta-adrenolityki. Przeciwwskazane jest stosowanie inhibitorów ACE i blokerów receptorów angiotensyny II, a stosowanie diuretyków jest nieuzasadnione, o ile nie współistnieje oliguria

The Rise and Fall of Hypertension: Lessons Learned from Eastern Europe

Hypertension is a progressive cardiovascular syndrome that arises from many differing, but interrelated, etiologies. Hypertension is the most prevalent cardiovascular disorder, affecting 20% to 50% of the adult population in developed countries. Arterial hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and death. Epidemiologic data have shown that control of hypertension is achieved in only a small percentage of hypertensive patients. Findings from the World Health Organization project Monitoring Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Diseases (MONICA) showed a remarkably high prevalence (about 65%) of hypertension in Eastern Europeans. There is virtually no difference however, between the success rate in controlling hypertension when comparing Eastern and Western European populations. Diagnosing hypertension depends on both population awareness of the dangers of hypertension and medical interventions aimed at the detecting elevated blood pressure, even in asymptomatic patients. Medical compliance with guidelines for the treatment of hypertension is variable throughout Eastern Europe. Prevalence of hypertension increases with age, and the management of hypertension in elderly is a significant problem. The treatment of hypertension demands a comprehensive approach to the patient with regard to cardiovascular risk and individualization of hypertensive therapy

The role of vascular biomarkers for primary and secondary prevention. A position paper from the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on peripheral circulation

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Higher prevalence of smoking and lower BMI, waist circumference, cholesterol and triacylglyceride levels in Prague's homeless compared to a majority of the Czech population

BACKGROUND: Homeless people have higher morbidity and mortality rates than the general population. Research has shown that cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in older homeless adults. This study was undertaken to describe the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the homeless population in Prague. METHODS: Data was obtained from a cross-sectional study carried out in 2003. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerides (TAG) and smoking habits were assessed. The homeless participants in the study were recruited from a homeless center run by a Prague charitable organization called Naděje ("Hope") and at Prague's main railway station. Most participants were assessed at the Naděje center (134 persons) while the rest were assessed at Prague's Bulovka University Hospital (67 persons). RESULTS: A total of 201 homeless (174 males and 27 females) aged 19 – 70 years were examined. Mean values of BMI, WC, TC and TAG in homeless men and women were within normal limits. Compared with the majority of the Czech population, the homeless had significantly lower mean levels of TC and TAG and lower BMI and WC values. When compared to the majority of the Czech population, the incidence of smoking among the homeless was significantly higher. Among smokers in both populations, no differences were found in the number of cigarettes smoked per day. CONCLUSION: Classical cardiovascular risk factors such as TC, TAG, BMI and WC, are significantly lower in Prague's homeless minority than in the majority of the Czech population. However, the prevalence of smoking is much higher in the homeless population

Cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes mortality burden of cardiometabolic risk factors from 1980 to 2010: a comparative risk assessment

Background High blood pressure, blood glucose, serum cholesterol, and BMI are risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and some of these factors also increase the risk of chronic kidney disease and diabetes. We estimated mortality from cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes that was attributable to these four cardiometabolic risk factors for all countries and regions from 1980 to 2010. Methods We used data for exposure to risk factors by country, age group, and sex from pooled analyses of populationbased health surveys. We obtained relative risks for the eff ects of risk factors on cause-specifi c mortality from metaanalyses of large prospective studies. We calculated the population attributable fractions for- each risk factor alone, and for the combination of all risk factors, accounting for multicausality and for mediation of the eff ects of BMI by the other three risks. We calculated attributable deaths by multiplying the cause-specifi c population attributable fractions by the number of disease-specifi c deaths. We obtained cause-specifi c mortality from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2010 Study. We propagated the uncertainties of all the inputs to the fi nal estimates. Findings In 2010, high blood pressure was the leading risk factor for deaths due to cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and diabetes in every region, causing more than 40% of worldwide deaths from these diseases; high BMI and glucose were each responsible for about 15% of deaths, and high cholesterol for more than 10%. After accounting for multicausality, 63% (10\ub78 million deaths, 95% CI 10\ub71\u201311\ub75) of deaths from these diseases in 2010 were attributable to the combined eff ect of these four metabolic risk factors, compared with 67% (7\ub71 million deaths, 6\ub76\u20137\ub76) in 1980. The mortality burden of high BMI and glucose nearly doubled from 1980 to 2010. At the country level, age-standardised death rates from these diseases attributable to the combined eff ects of these four risk factors surpassed 925 deaths per 100 000 for men in Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Mongolia, but were less than 130 deaths per 100 000 for women and less than 200 for men in some high-income countries including Australia, Canada, France, Japan, the Netherlands, Singapore, South Korea, and Spain. Interpretation The salient features of the cardiometabolic disease and risk factor epidemic at the beginning of the 21st century are high blood pressure and an increasing eff ect of obesity and diabetes. The mortality burden of cardiometabolic risk factors has shifted from high-income to low-income and middle-income countries. Lowering cardiometabolic risks through dietary, behavioural, and pharmacological interventions should be a part of the globalresponse to non-communicable diseases

Management and marketing of university sport in Germany based of the example of University Tubingen

Název: Management a marketing akademického sportu v SRN na praktickém příkladě Univerzity v TObingenu Title: Management and marketing of university sport in Germany based on the example of University TObingen Cíl práce: Charakteristika a analýza managementu a marketingu akademického sportu na Univerzitě v TObingenu; návrh marketingové strategie za účelem dalšího rozvoje Metody: Popisná analýza, finanční analýza, SWOT analýza Výsledky: Návrh marketingové strategie pro vysokoškolský sport v SRN; návrh marketingového mixu pro Univerzitu v TObingenu Klíčová slova: Management, manažer, marketing, marketingový mix , sportovní produkt, sponzoring, sportovní reklama, popisná analýza, finanční analýza, SWOT analýza

The level of knowledge and skills in chemistry among secondary school students

The primary goal of the this thesis is to create standardized tool to determine the level of competency in Chemistry (i.e. knowledge, abilities, and skills) among secondary school students, formulated in the form of "expected outcomes" in the Framework Education Programme for Secondary General Education (RVP G, 2007) and then use this tool to determine the success of students in secondary schools in teaching the tests expected outcomes of chemistry in the academic year 2014/2015. The creation of this research tool and determine the success of students after a few years of starting curricular reform allows for use in future years to monitor the development of education in chemistry by general educational programs. The study first conducted analyses of these expected outcomes from the perspective of Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives (Amer, 2006; Anderson et al., 2001; Hudecová, 2004; Krathwohl, 2002; Krietzer et al., 1994). By examining the School Education Programmes of secondary schools participating in the study, a curriculum was identified that is overlooked or not clearly defined by RVP G (2007), whose inclusion in education falls within the competence of each school. Requirements were also compared for outputs of chemistry education for secondary school students in the Czech Republic..