Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Neospora caninum: evaluation of vertical transmission in slaughtered dairy cows (Bos taurus) Neospora caninum: avaliação da transmissão vertical em vacas leiteiras (Bos taurus)

Neospora caninum is a worldwide parasite recognized as one of the main parasites responsible for abortion in cattle. The objective of this study was to evaluate vertical transmission of N. caninum in dairy cows (Bos taurus) that were slaughtered at an abattoir in the state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. Blood samples (with and without EDTA) from 60 pregnant dairy cows and blood and tissue samples (brain, lung, heart and liver) from their fetuses were collected and used for PCR and serological evaluation. Blood samples from 60 non-pregnant cows were collected and used to detect antibodies. Anti-N. caninum antibodies were detected by indirect ELISA. Antibodies against N. caninum were observed in 41.6% (25∕60) of the pregnant cows and in 43.3% (26∕60) of the non-pregnant cows. Antibodies against the parasite were detected in sera from three fetuses (5.5%). PCR analysis revealed that 3.3% (2∕60) of the cows and 6.6% (4∕60) of the fetuses evaluated were positive for specific N. caninum primers. These positive fetuses were between 4-6 months of age. Therefore, considering PCR and serological tests to be indicative of vertical transmission in fetuses, 11.6% (7∕60) of the fetuses were infected by N. caninum during gestation. Neospora caninum é um parasita de distribuição mundial reconhecido como um dentre os principais parasitas, responsável por abortamento em bovinos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a transmissão vertical de N. caninum em vacas leiteiras (Bos taurus) que foram submetidas ao abate em matadouro no Estado de Santa Catarina, sul do Brasil. Sangue (com e sem EDTA) de 60 vacas leiteiras prenhas e amostras de sangue e tecidos (cérebro, pulmão, coração e fígado) de seus fetos foram coletados e utilizados para PCR e avaliação sorológica. Amostras de sangue de 60 vacas não-gestantes foram obtidas e utilizadas para detecção de anticorpos. A detecção de anticorpos séricos anti-N. caninum foi avaliada pelo ELISA-teste indireto. Anticorpos anti-N. caninum foram observados em 41,6% (25∕60) das vacas prenhas e em 43,3% (26∕60) das vacas não-gestantes. Três fetos (5,5%) foram soros positivos para N. caninum. Análise pela PCR revelou que 3,3% (2∕60) das vacas e 6,6% (4∕60) dos fetos avaliados foram positivos para N. caninum. As idades dos fetos positivos eram de 4 a 6 meses. Portanto, considerando a PCR e a sorologia como indicativo de transmissão vertical em fetos, 11,6% (7∕60) dos fetos foram infectados por N. caninum durante a gestação

Isolation and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii from pregnant dairy cows (Bos taurus) slaughtered Isolamento e genotipagem de Toxoplasma gondii em vacas de leite (Bos taurus) prenhas abatidas

The current study aimed to evaluate serology, and isolate and genotype Toxoplasma gondii strains from pregnant dairy cows, slaughtered in an abattoir for human consumption, and their fetuses. Blood from 60 pregnant dairy cows and blood and tissue samples (brain, lung, heart, and liver) from their fetuses were collected and analyzed in a mouse bioassay. Antibodies against T. gondii were observed in 48.3% of cows and 3.7% of fetuses (IFAT, titers ≥ 50 for cows and 25 for fetuses were considered positive). Fourteen fetuses (23.3%) and six cows (10.0%) were identified as positive in the bioassay. T. gondii was isolated from a blood sample of a cow older than 4 years old in the 6th month of pregnancy, and from a blood sample of a fetus in the 6th month of gestation. These isolates were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as being of T. gondii and both strains showed type II alleles for all PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) markers tested. T. gondii type II strain from cattle was isolated for the first time in Brazil. The current study also showed that transplacental transmission of T. gondii naturally occurs in dairy cows (23.3%) from Southern Brazil.O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a ocorrência de anticorpos, isolar e genotipar Toxoplasma gondii de vacas prenhas abatidas em um matadouro para consumo humano e de seus respectivos fetos. Sangue de 60 vacas gestantes e amostras de sangue e tecidos (cérebro, pulmão, coração e fígado) de seus fetos foram coletados e utilizados para bioensaio em camundongos. Anticorpos contra T. gondii foram observados em 48,3% das vacas e em 3,7% dos fetos (foram considerados positivos títulos ≥50 para as vacas e ≥25 para os fetos). Quatorze fetos (23,3%) e seis vacas (10,0%) apresentaram-se positivas para T. gondii ao bioensaio. T. gondii foi isolado de amostra de sangue de uma vaca com mais de quatro anos no 6º mês de gestação e de amostra de sangue de um feto no 6º mês de gestação. Por PCR esses isolados foram identificados como sendo de T. gondii e ambas as cepas apresentaram o alelo tipo II em todos os marcadores de PCR-RFLP testados. Esta é a primeira identificação de genótipo tipo II de T. gondii em bovinos do Brasil. Além disso, este estudo mostrou que a transmissão transplacentária de T. gondii ocorre naturalmente em bovinos de leite (23,3%)

In vitro antifungal activity of organic compounds derived from amino alcohols against onychomycosis

Submitted by Janaína Nascimento ([email protected]) on 2019-01-23T13:00:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ve_Caneschi_César_etal_INI_2017.pdf: 1157714 bytes, checksum: 4362160fea4bf05c672a757316bc6876 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Janaína Nascimento ([email protected]) on 2019-01-24T13:25:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ve_Caneschi_César_etal_INI_2017.pdf: 1157714 bytes, checksum: 4362160fea4bf05c672a757316bc6876 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2019-01-24T13:25:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ve_Caneschi_César_etal_INI_2017.pdf: 1157714 bytes, checksum: 4362160fea4bf05c672a757316bc6876 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora. Faculdade de Farmácia. Núcleo de Pesquisa e Inovação em Ciências da Saúde. Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil.Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora. Instituto de Ciências Exatas. Departamento de Química. Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil.Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora. Faculdade de Farmácia. Núcleo de Pesquisa e Inovação em Ciências da Saúde. Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil.Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora. Instituto de Ciências Exatas. Departamento de Química. Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Micologia. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas. Departamento de Parasitologia, Microbiologia e Imunologia. Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil.Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora. Instituto de Ciências Exatas. Departamento de Química. Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil.Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora. Faculdade de Farmácia. Núcleo de Pesquisa e Inovação em Ciências da Saúde. Juiz de Fora, MG, Brasil.Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of the nail caused by high densities of filamentous fungi and yeasts. Treatment for this illness is long-term, and recurrences are frequently detected. This study evaluated in vitro antifungal activities of 12 organic compounds derived from amino alcohols against standard fungal strains, such as Trichophyton rubrum CCT 5507 URM 1666, Trichophyton mentagrophytes ATCC 11481, and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. The antifungal compounds were synthesized from p-hydroxybenzaldehyde (4a-4f) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (9a-9f). Minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum fungicidal concentrations were determined according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute protocols M38-A2, M27-A3, and M27-S4. The amine series 4b-4e, mainly 4c and 4e compounds, were effective against filamentous fungi and yeast (MIC from 7.8 to 312μg/mL). On the other hand, the amide series (9a-9f) did not present inhibitory effect against fungi, except amide 9c, which demonstrated activity only against C. albicans. This allowed us to infer that the presence of amine group and intermediate carbon number (8C-11C) in its aliphatic side chain seems to be important for antifungal activity. Although these compounds present cytotoxic activity on macrophages J774, our results suggest that these aromatic compounds might constitute potential as leader molecules in the development of more effective and less toxic analogs that could have considerable implications for future therapies of onychomycosis

Comportamento ingestivo de ovinos recebendo dietas com diferentes níveis de bagaço de laranja em substituição à silagem de sorgo na ração

O objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de dietas com diferentes níveis de bagaço de laranja em substituição à silagem de sorgo sobre o comportamento ingestivo de ovinos (alimentação, ruminação e ócio) em ovinos. Dezesseis ovinos machos mestiços, com peso médio de 28,27 kg (±2,41) foram distribuídos em delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com quatro tratamentos (0, 25, 50 e 75%), dois blocos e duas repetições por bloco. Os animais foram submetidos à observação visual durante dois dias consecutivos. No primeiro dia, os animais foram avaliados durante três períodos (8 às 10 h, 14 às 16 h e 18 às 20 h), estimando-se a média do número de mastigações merícicas por bolo ruminal e a média do tempo despendido de mastigação merícica por bolo ruminal, utilizando-se cronômetro digital. No segundo dia, o comportamento ingestivo de cada ovino foi determinado visualmente, a intervalos de cinco minutos, durante 24 horas, para determinação do tempo despendido em ócio, alimentação e ruminação. Não houve diferença entre os tratamentos, para o tempo despendido em alimentação, em min/dia e min/kg de MS e FDN. Os tempos despendidos em ruminação e ócio apresentaram efeitos quadráticos em função da inclusão de bagaço de laranja nas dietas. O tempo de ruminação em min/kg de MS apresentou efeito linear decrescente, logo, o tempo de ruminação em min/kg FDN não apresentou diferença significativa. Não se observou diferença para o número de refeições/dia, o tempo de mastigação total, os números de bolos ruminais, o número de mastigações por bolo e o tempo de mastigação por bolo. Os números de períodos ruminais e de mastigações merícicas por dia apresentaram comportamento linear decrescente