Molecular basis of African yam domestication: Analyses of selection point to root development, starch biosynthesis, and photosynthesis related genes

Background: After cereals, root and tuber crops are the main source of starch in the human diet. Starch biosynthesis was certainly a significant target for selection during the domestication of these crops. But domestication of these root and tubers crops is also associated with gigantism of storage organs and changes of habitat. Results: We studied here, the molecular basis of domestication in African yam, Dioscorea rotundata. The genomic diversity in the cultivated species is roughly 30% less important than its wild relatives. Two percent of all the genes studied showed evidences of selection. Two genes associated with the earliest stages of starch biosynthesis and storage, the sucrose synthase 4 and the sucrose-phosphate synthase 1 showed evidence of selection. An adventitious root development gene, a SCARECROW-LIKE gene was also selected during yam domestication. Significant selection for genes associated with photosynthesis and phototropism were associated with wild to cultivated change of habitat. If the wild species grow as vines in the shade of their tree tutors, cultivated yam grows in full light in open fields. Conclusions: Major rewiring of aerial development and adaptation for efficient photosynthesis in full light characterized yam domestication. (Résumé d'auteur

Profiles of Parental Burnout Around the Globe: Similarities and Differences Across 36 Countries

Parental burnout (PB) is a pervasive phenomenon. Parenting is embedded in cultural values, and previous research has shown the role of individualism in PB. In this paper, we reanalyze previously collected data to identify profiles based on the four dimensions of PB, and explore whether these profiles vary across countries’ levels of collectivistic-individualistic (COL-IND) values. Our sample comprised 16,885 individuals from 36 countries (73% women; 27% men), and we used a latent profile approach to uncover PB profiles. The findings showed five profiles: Fulfilled, Not in PB, Low risk of PB, High risk of PB and Burned out. The profiles pointed to climbing levels of PB in the total sample and in each of the three country groups (High COL/Low IND, Medium COL-IND, Low COL/High IND). Exploratory analyses revealed that distinct dimensions of PB had the most prominent roles in the climbing pattern, depending on the countries’ levels of COL/IND. In particular, we found contrast to be a hallmark dimension and an indicator of severe burnout for individualistic countries. Contrary to our predictions, emotional distance and saturation did not allow a clear differentiation across collectivistic countries. Our findings support several research avenues regarding PB measurement and intervention

Parental Burn-out : Influence of demographic factors and Infant temperament

International audienceParenthood can prove to be a difficult and stressful experience, as mothers and fathers are exposed to any number of chronic stressors inherent to their role as parents (Latson, 1995). These feelings of stress, combined with the accumulation of seemingly challenging situations, can lead to a state of so-called parental burnout. Many factors explain the interindividual differences in parental burnout as defined by Roskam, Raes and Mikolajczak (2017). This study, which included 272 parents, examines the relationship between parental burnout assess by PBI (Roskam et al., 2017), demographic factors (gender of parents and children, age of parents and children and number of children present in the family home) and infant temperament (IBQ & ECBQ), assessed by the parent. With regard to demographic factors, our results show that the younger the parents surveyed, the more they report a high sense of personal accomplishment, but they tend to feel more exhausted. Similar results are observed when we look at the age of children. In addition, the number of children at home slightly increases the emotional distance between the parent and their children. This first result of our study is consistent with previous studies (e.g., Mikolajczak, Raes, Avalosse, & Roskam, 2017) who show that parent of children below 5 years old are more at risk to develop parental burn out than the other. This result shows how import is it to focus study on parent of young children. Another result found by Le Vigouroux, Scola, Raes, Mikolajczak, & Roskam (2017) showed the impact of individual differences in parental burnout. Three personality traits are linked with parental burn out: a high level of neuroticism, a low level of conscientiousness, and a low level of agreeableness were all found to be risk factors for parental burnout. Theses two results conduct us to question in a second step of our study the effect of the perception of the infant temperament assess by IBQ (3 to 18-month-old) and ECBQ (18 to 36 months old) on parental burnout. If individual differences in parental personality traits could be protective factors or risk factors to develop parental burnout we could hypothesis that the perception of the infant temperament too. Analyses test the individual variability effect on the infant temperament on parental burn out in our population of 272 parents. We hypothesis that perceiving infants with high level of arousal and more negative affect are at risk to develop parental burnout. This study is the first one to our knowledge to link this two field of research

Differences in parental burnout: Influence of demographic factors and personality of parents and children

International audienceParental burnout is a syndrome related to parenthood and characterized by three dimensions: emotional and physical exhaustion, emotional distancing of parents from their children, and loss of parental accomplishment. Many factors can explain the interindividual differences in parental burnout (Roskam et al., 2017). In a study conducted among 372 French parents, we examined the relationship between parental burnout, demographic factors (age of parent and child(ren), age of parent at first birth, total number of children, and number of children present in the family home) and parent-assessed dispositional factors (personality traits of parent and child(ren)). Results for demographic factors showed that the younger the parents we surveyed, the higher their reported sense of parental accomplishment, although they also tended to feel more exhausted. We observed a similar pattern of results when we looked at the children’s ages. In addition, the number of children at home slightly increased the emotional distance between parent and child(ren). Results for the parents’ dispositional factors showed that all three personality traits we investigated, as well as their different facets (lack of emotional control and lack of impulse control for neuroticism, meticulousness and perseverance for conscientiousness, and cooperation and friendliness for agreeableness), were related to parental burnout and its three dimensions. More specifically, parental meticulousness and lack of emotional control were both risk factors for developing parental burnout. By contrast, agreeableness and perseverance were protective factors. With regard to the children, the same three personality traits were linked to the three dimensions of parental burnout. Having children they perceived as having a high level of neuroticism reduced parents’ sense of parental accomplishment and increased their emotional exhaustion and distancing. The opposite relationships were found for agreeableness and conscientiousness. There were no significant relationships between parental assessments of their children’ extraversion and openness and parental burnout and its three dimensions. The parent’s personality explained 42.3% of the variance in parental burnout, and the child(ren)’s personality (parent-assessed) explained 13.8%. Taken together, these results demonstrate the importance of considering the personality of both parents and children in the study of parental burnout

Le burnout parental et la dépression du post-partum : quelles différences ?

National audienceLe burnout parental, la dépression du postpartum et la dépression majeure sont des pathologies ayant des symptomatologies communes, mais qui ne sont pas à confondre les unes avec les autres. Cet article a pour objectif de définir chacun de ces troubles avant de documenter les similitudes, les différences et la question du diagnostic différentiel dans chacune de ces pathologies

Parental Burn-out : Influence of demographic factors and Infant temperament

International audienceParenthood can prove to be a difficult and stressful experience, as mothers and fathers are exposed to any number of chronic stressors inherent to their role as parents (Latson, 1995). These feelings of stress, combined with the accumulation of seemingly challenging situations, can lead to a state of so-called parental burnout. Many factors explain the interindividual differences in parental burnout as defined by Roskam, Raes and Mikolajczak (2017). This study, which included 272 parents, examines the relationship between parental burnout assess by PBI (Roskam et al., 2017), demographic factors (gender of parents and children, age of parents and children and number of children present in the family home) and infant temperament (IBQ & ECBQ), assessed by the parent. With regard to demographic factors, our results show that the younger the parents surveyed, the more they report a high sense of personal accomplishment, but they tend to feel more exhausted. Similar results are observed when we look at the age of children. In addition, the number of children at home slightly increases the emotional distance between the parent and their children. This first result of our study is consistent with previous studies (e.g., Mikolajczak, Raes, Avalosse, & Roskam, 2017) who show that parent of children below 5 years old are more at risk to develop parental burn out than the other. This result shows how import is it to focus study on parent of young children. Another result found by Le Vigouroux, Scola, Raes, Mikolajczak, & Roskam (2017) showed the impact of individual differences in parental burnout. Three personality traits are linked with parental burn out: a high level of neuroticism, a low level of conscientiousness, and a low level of agreeableness were all found to be risk factors for parental burnout. Theses two results conduct us to question in a second step of our study the effect of the perception of the infant temperament assess by IBQ (3 to 18-month-old) and ECBQ (18 to 36 months old) on parental burnout. If individual differences in parental personality traits could be protective factors or risk factors to develop parental burnout we could hypothesis that the perception of the infant temperament too. Analyses test the individual variability effect on the infant temperament on parental burn out in our population of 272 parents. We hypothesis that perceiving infants with high level of arousal and more negative affect are at risk to develop parental burnout. This study is the first one to our knowledge to link this two field of research

Des bulles pour le développement durable

International audienc