70 research outputs found
Imaging Characteristics of Choroid Plexuses in Presymptomatic Multiple Sclerosis. A Retrospective Study
Background and Objectives Recent imaging studies have suggested a possible involvement of the choroid plexus (CP) in multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we investigated whether CP changes are already detectable at the earliest stage of MS, preceding symptom onset. Methods This study is a retrospective analysis of 27 patients with presymptomatic MS, 97 patients with clinically definite MS (CDMS), and 53 healthy controls (HCs) who underwent a cross-sectional 3T-MRI acquisition; of which, 22 MS, 19 HCs, and 1 presymptomatic MS (evaluated 8 months before conversion to CDMS) also underwent translocator protein (TSPO) F-18-DPA-714 PET and were included in the analysis. CPs were manually segmented on 3D T1-weighted images for volumetric analysis. CP F-18-DPA-714 uptake, reflecting inflammation, was calculated as the average standardized uptake value (SUV). Multivariable regressions adjusted for age, sex, and ventricular and brain volume were fitted to test CP volume differences between presymptomatic patients and MS or HCs. For the presymptomatic case who also had F-18-DPA-714 PET, CP SUV differences with MS and HCs were assessed through Crawford-Howell tests. To provide further insight into the interpretation of F-18-DPA-714-PET uptake at the CP level, a postmortem analysis of CPs in MS vs HCs was performed to characterize the cellular localization of TSPO expression. Results Compared with HCs, patients with presymptomatic MS had 32% larger CPs (beta = 0.38, p = 0.001), which were not dissimilar to MS CPs (p = 0.69). Moreover, in the baseline scan of the presymptomatic case who later on developed MS, TSPO PET showed 33% greater CP inflammation vs HCs (p = 0.04), although no differences in F-18-DPA-714 uptake were found in parenchymal regions vs controls. CP postmortem analysis identified a population of CD163(+) mononuclear phagocytes expressing TSPO in MS, possibly contributing to the increased F-18-DPA-714 uptake. Discussion We identified an imaging signature in CPs at the presymptomatic MS stage using MRI; in addition, we found an increased CP inflammation with PET in a single presymptomatic patient. These findings suggest a role of CP imaging as an early biomarker and argue for the involvement of the blood-CSF barrier dysfunction in disease development
Corrélats structuraux et fonctionnels de l'atteinte cognitive précoce au cours de la sclérose en plaques
Severe cognitive impairment involving multiple cognitive domains can occur early during the course of multiple sclerosis (MS). We investigated resting state functional connectivity changes in large-scale brain networks and related structural damage underlying cognitive dysfunction in patients with early MS.We included MS patients with 3 to 5 years of disease duration, either without cognitive impairment (n=20), or with cognitive impairment (n=15), and 20 controls. After a standardized neuropsychological evaluation, all subjects underwent a multimodal 3T MRI including anatomical T1 and T2 images, diffusion imaging to assess anatomical connectivity and resting state functional MRI to assess functional connectivity.Patients with cognitive dysfunction were impaired in all cognitive domains tested except for mnesic storage. Functional connectivity was altered in patients with cognitive impairment only, within associative networks relevant for cognition, especially the default mode and the attentional networks. This functional disconnection did not parallel diffusion abnormalities in white matter tracts. In patients with cognitive impairment, atrophy was localized in cortical regions connecting the default mode network. Disconnection in these networks may deprive the brain of compensatory mechanisms required to face widespread structural damage.Des troubles cognitifs sĂ©vĂšres peuvent apparaĂźtre de façon prĂ©coce au cours de la sclĂ©rose en plaques(SEP). Nous avons analysĂ© les modifications de connectivitĂ© fonctionnelle de repos au sein des rĂ©seauxcĂ©rĂ©braux et les modifications structurelles cĂ©rĂ©brales qui les sous-tendent.Nous avons inclus des patients atteints de SEP dont la durĂ©e de la maladie est comprise entre 3 et 5ans, sans trouble cognitif (n=20) et avec un trouble cognitif (n=15) ainsi que des sujets contrĂŽles(n=20). AprĂšs une Ă©valuation neuropsychologique approfondie, les patients et contrĂŽles ont eu uneIRM multimodalitĂ© Ă 3T comportant des sĂ©quences anatomiques T1 et T2, une sĂ©quence en tenseur dediffusion pour lâĂ©valuation de la connectivitĂ© anatomique, et une IRM fonctionnelle de repos pourlâĂ©valuation de la connectivitĂ© fonctionnelle.Les patients avec atteinte cognitive ont des performances diminuĂ©es pour lâensemble des domainesneuropsychologiques testĂ©s en dehors du stockage mnĂ©sique. La connectivitĂ© fonctionnelle est altĂ©rĂ©echez les patients avec atteinte cognitive au sein des rĂ©seaux impliquĂ©s dans les processus cognitifscomme le rĂ©seau du mode par dĂ©faut et les rĂ©seaux attentionnels. Ces modifications fonctionnelles nereflĂštent pas de façon stricte la connectivitĂ© anatomique Ă©valuĂ©e par lâIRM de diffusion. En revanche,les patients avec atteinte cognitive ont une atrophie marquĂ©e de la SG dans des rĂ©gions connectĂ©es aurĂ©seau du mode par dĂ©faut.La diminution de connectivitĂ© fonctionnelle au sein des rĂ©seaux impliquĂ©s dans la cognition pourraitlimiter les mĂ©canismes de compensation fonctionnelle en rĂ©ponse Ă lâatteinte structurelle cĂ©rĂ©brale
7 Tesla MRI will soon be helpful to guide clinical practice in multiple sclerosis centres: yes
International audienceOver the past 10 years, 7 Tesla (7T) MRI has brought many advances in the in vivo exploration of the pathophysiological mechanisms of multiple sclerosis (MS). Thanks to increased signal-to-noise ratio and contrast-to-noise ratio, as well as increased spatial resolution (voxel size below 500 ”m 3), 7T MRI provides access to precise anatomical details, not or barely visible at 3T MRI, some of which being strongly associated with MS prognosis. Although routine use of 7T imaging is still limited due to cost, engineering time required, and technical challenges (more severe B0 and B1 inhomogeneities compared to lower field strength, long scan time), it is very likely that 7T MRI will soon be an additional tool to guide clinical practice
Strutural and functional correlates of early cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis
Des troubles cognitifs sĂ©vĂšres peuvent apparaĂźtre de façon prĂ©coce au cours de la sclĂ©rose en plaques(SEP). Nous avons analysĂ© les modifications de connectivitĂ© fonctionnelle de repos au sein des rĂ©seauxcĂ©rĂ©braux et les modifications structurelles cĂ©rĂ©brales qui les sous-tendent.Nous avons inclus des patients atteints de SEP dont la durĂ©e de la maladie est comprise entre 3 et 5ans, sans trouble cognitif (n=20) et avec un trouble cognitif (n=15) ainsi que des sujets contrĂŽles(n=20). AprĂšs une Ă©valuation neuropsychologique approfondie, les patients et contrĂŽles ont eu uneIRM multimodalitĂ© Ă 3T comportant des sĂ©quences anatomiques T1 et T2, une sĂ©quence en tenseur dediffusion pour lâĂ©valuation de la connectivitĂ© anatomique, et une IRM fonctionnelle de repos pourlâĂ©valuation de la connectivitĂ© fonctionnelle.Les patients avec atteinte cognitive ont des performances diminuĂ©es pour lâensemble des domainesneuropsychologiques testĂ©s en dehors du stockage mnĂ©sique. La connectivitĂ© fonctionnelle est altĂ©rĂ©echez les patients avec atteinte cognitive au sein des rĂ©seaux impliquĂ©s dans les processus cognitifscomme le rĂ©seau du mode par dĂ©faut et les rĂ©seaux attentionnels. Ces modifications fonctionnelles nereflĂštent pas de façon stricte la connectivitĂ© anatomique Ă©valuĂ©e par lâIRM de diffusion. En revanche,les patients avec atteinte cognitive ont une atrophie marquĂ©e de la SG dans des rĂ©gions connectĂ©es aurĂ©seau du mode par dĂ©faut.La diminution de connectivitĂ© fonctionnelle au sein des rĂ©seaux impliquĂ©s dans la cognition pourraitlimiter les mĂ©canismes de compensation fonctionnelle en rĂ©ponse Ă lâatteinte structurelle cĂ©rĂ©brale.Severe cognitive impairment involving multiple cognitive domains can occur early during the course of multiple sclerosis (MS). We investigated resting state functional connectivity changes in large-scale brain networks and related structural damage underlying cognitive dysfunction in patients with early MS.We included MS patients with 3 to 5 years of disease duration, either without cognitive impairment (n=20), or with cognitive impairment (n=15), and 20 controls. After a standardized neuropsychological evaluation, all subjects underwent a multimodal 3T MRI including anatomical T1 and T2 images, diffusion imaging to assess anatomical connectivity and resting state functional MRI to assess functional connectivity.Patients with cognitive dysfunction were impaired in all cognitive domains tested except for mnesic storage. Functional connectivity was altered in patients with cognitive impairment only, within associative networks relevant for cognition, especially the default mode and the attentional networks. This functional disconnection did not parallel diffusion abnormalities in white matter tracts. In patients with cognitive impairment, atrophy was localized in cortical regions connecting the default mode network. Disconnection in these networks may deprive the brain of compensatory mechanisms required to face widespread structural damage
Magnifestations cognitives précoces au cours de la sclérose en plaques
Les troubles cognitifs au cours de la sclĂ©rose en plaques (SEP) sont frĂ©quents (environ 50% des patients). Dans de rares cas, l'atteinte cognitive peut ĂȘtre inaugurale, sĂ©vĂšre et prĂ©dominante : il s'agit de SEP cognitives. Nous avons analysĂ© les donnĂ©es cliniques, neuropsychologiques et radiologiques chez 18 patients atteints de SEP cognitive isolĂ©e. L atteinte neuropsychologique prĂ©domine sur les fonctions exĂ©cutives. L'IRM est marquĂ©e par une atrophie cĂ©rĂ©brale et une charge lĂ©sionnelle majeure.Nous avons Ă©galement utilisĂ© l'IRM multimodalitĂ© pour explorer les corrĂ©lats structuraux et fonctionnels qui sous-tendent l'atteinte cognitive prĂ©coce, en Ă©valuant la part respective de l'atteinte de la substance blanche (sĂ©quence en tenseur de diffusion), de la substance grise (sĂ©quence 3DT1) et de la connectivitĂ© fonctionnelle (IRM fonctionnelle). Une Ă©valuation clinique et neuropsychologique (comprenant 6 tests : MDRS, PASAT, empan, fluence, TMT, Rappel libre et indicĂ© 16 items) a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e.Les rĂ©sultats prĂ©liminaires ont mis en Ă©vidence des rĂ©gions cĂ©rĂ©brales oĂč l'atrophie est prĂ©dominante (rĂ©gions pariĂ©to-temporales, frontales et partie mĂ©diane du thalamus). L'Ă©tude statistique des cartes de fraction d'anisotropie par TBSS (Tract-Based Spatial Statistics) a permis de montrer que les diffĂ©rences entre les patients et les volontaires sains sont plus Ă©tendues chez les patients avec des troubles cognitifs. L'analyse des activations cĂ©rĂ©brales lors d'une tĂąche de 2-back montre que certaines rĂ©gions sont plus activĂ©es chez l'ensemble des patients que chez les volontaires sains suggĂ©rant un mĂ©canisme de compensation fonctionnelle prĂ©coce.PARIS6-Bibl.PitiĂ©-SalpĂȘtrie (751132101) / SudocSudocFranceF
Ultra-high field 7âT imaging in multiple sclerosis
International audiencePurpose of review: Ultra-high field 7 T MRI has multiple applications for the in vivo characterization of the heterogeneous aspects underlying multiple sclerosis including the identification of cortical lesions, characterization of the different types of white matter plaques, evaluation of structures difficult to assess with conventional MRI (thalamus, cerebellum, spinal cord, meninges).Recent findings: The sensitivity of cortical lesion detection at 7 T is twice than at lower field MRI, especially for subpial lesions, the most common cortical lesion type in multiple sclerosis. Cortical lesion load accrual is independent of that in the white matter and predicts disability progression.Seven Tesla MRI provides details on tissue microstructure that can be used to improve white matter lesion characterization. These include the presence of a central vein, whose identification can be used to improve multiple sclerosis diagnosis, or the appearance of an iron-rich paramagnetic rim on susceptibility-weighted images, which corresponds to iron-rich microglia at the periphery of slow expanding lesions. Improvements in cerebellar and spinal cord tissue delineation and lesion characterization have also been demonstrated.Summary: Imaging at 7 T allows assessing more comprehensively the complementary pathophysiological aspects of multiple sclerosis, opening up novel perspectives for clinical and therapeutics evaluation
Short- and long-range cues used by ground-dwelling parasitoids to find their host
International audienceParasitoids of phytophagous insects face a detectability- reliability dilemma when foraging for hosts. Plantrelated cues are easily detectable, but do not guarantee the presence of the host. Host-related cues are very reliable, but much harder to detect from a distance. Little is known in particular about the way coleopteran parasitoid females use these cues when foraging for a suitable place to lay their eggs. The question is of interest because, unlike hymenopteran larvae, coleopteran parasitoid larvae are highly mobile and able to forage for hosts on their own. We assessed whether females of the parasitoid rove beetle Aleochara bipustulata (L.) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) are attracted to plant (Swede roots, Brassica napus) and host-related cues [pupae of the cabbage root fly Delia radicum (L.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)]. In the field, A. bipustulata adult females were captured in selective pitfall traps containing pieces of roots damaged by D. radicum larvae, but not in traps containing pieces of healthy roots or D. radicum pupae. However, in the laboratory, the odour of D. radicum pupae attracted A. bipustulata females to mini-pitfalls. Video monitoring in the laboratory showed that foraging A. bipustulata females preferred a zone containing D. radicum pupae and larval tracks rather than one containing an extract of D. radicum-infested roots. Our results suggest a behavioural sequence where A. bipustulata females use plant-related cues at a distance, but then switch their preference to host related cues at a close range. This would be the first observation of this behaviour in coleopteran parasitoids
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