26 research outputs found

    T Follicular Helper Cells in Autoimmune Disorders

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    T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are a distinct subset of CD4+ T lymphocytes, specialized in B cell help and in regulation of antibody responses. They are required for the generation of germinal center reactions, where selection of high affinity antibody producing B cells and development of memory B cells occur. Owing to the fundamental role of Tfh cells in adaptive immunity, the stringent control of their production and function is critically important, both for the induction of an optimal humoral response against thymus-dependent antigens but also for the prevention of self-reactivity. Indeed, deregulation of Tfh activities can contribute to a pathogenic autoantibody production and can play an important role in the promotion of autoimmune diseases. In the present review, we briefly introduce the molecular factors involved in Tfh cell formation in the context of a normal immune response, as well as markers associated with their identification (transcription factor, surface marker expression, and cytokine production). We then consider in detail the role of Tfh cells in the pathogenesis of a broad range of autoimmune diseases, with a special focus on systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, as well as on the other autoimmune/inflammatory disorders. We summarize the observed alterations in Tfh numbers, activation state, and circulating subset distribution during autoimmune and some other inflammatory disorders. In addition, central role of interleukin-21, major cytokine produced by Tfh cells, is discussed, as well as the involvement of follicular regulatory T cells, which share characteristics with both Tfh and regulatory T cells

    Formes et stratĂ©gies de croissance dans le champ de l’accueil du jeune enfant : vers de nouveaux modĂšles d’organisation ?

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    International audienceDans le champ de la petite enfance et depuis le milieu des annĂ©es 2000, les Ă©volutions du contexte institutionnel sont marquĂ©es par des changements importants du point de vue de la gouvernance et de la recomposition de l’offre d’accueil sur les territoires. Ces changements s’inscrivent dans une volontĂ© politique d’augmenter le nombre de places d’accueil, tout en maĂźtrisant les dĂ©penses publiques. On assiste Ă  une diversification accrue de l’offre d’accueil, tant du point de vue des modes d’accueil (passage au multi-accueil, crĂ©ation rĂ©cente des micro-crĂšches et des maisons d’assistantes maternelles, 
), que des gestionnaires.Cette communication vise Ă  mieux comprendre les stratĂ©gies de coordination mises en oeuvre par les acteurs de l’ESS en particulier par rapport Ă  celles qu'adoptent les acteurs privĂ©s lucratifs. Deux grandes stratĂ©gies de coordination ont en effet Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©es : une stratĂ©gie de croissance et une stratĂ©gie de coopĂ©ration par un maillage en rĂ©seau

    La construction sociale de la qualitĂ© dans les services d’accueil collectif du jeune enfant. PluralitĂ© de modĂšles d’organisation et enjeux de gouvernance

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    The social construction of quality in collective childcare services. Plurality in organisational models and governance issues In the past fifteen years, the early childhood sector has seen considerable changes in childcare services and the governance of organisations. Management tools and practices have evolved, as have the management processes in childcare structures. New forms of governance have appeared to the detriment of others, depending on the regions. Forty semi-structured interviews and numerous documents were used to analyse the impact that these developments have had on the definition and assessment of quality in these services. The characteristics of various childcare options and the different conceptions of quality depending on the stakeholders are investigated, before proposing four quality agreements and organisational models associated with them. In this matrix, new forms of collective childcare structures are positioned according to their approach to quality and their governance model. The social construction of quality in collective childcare services. Plurality in organisational models and governance issuesDans les quinze derniĂšres annĂ©es, le secteur de la petite enfance a connu d’importantes transformations de l’offre d’accueil et de sa gouvernance. Les pratiques et les outils de gestion Ă©voluent, tout comme les processus de management des structures d’accueil. De nouvelles formes de gouvernance apparaissent au dĂ©triment d’autres, selon les territoires. Quarante entretiens semi-directifs et de nombreux documents ont permis d’analyser l’impact de ces Ă©volutions sur la dĂ©finition et l’évaluation de la qualitĂ© des services fournis. Ainsi, les caractĂ©ristiques de l’accueil et les diffĂ©rentes conceptions de la qualitĂ© selon les acteurs sont abordĂ©es, avant de proposer quatre conventions de qualitĂ© et les modĂšles d’organisation qui y sont associĂ©s. Dans cette matrice, les nouvelles formes de structures d’accueil collectif de la petite enfance se positionnent en fonction de leur approche de la qualitĂ© et de leur mode de gouvernance.Petrella Francesca, Richez-Battesti Nadine, Chanut-Guieu CĂ©cile, Lhuillier Vincent, Laurent Antoinette. La construction sociale de la qualitĂ© dans les services d’accueil collectif du jeune enfant. PluralitĂ© de modĂšles d’organisation et enjeux de gouvernance. In: Politiques sociales et familiales, n°116, 2014. pp. 39-52

    Diversité des opérateurs et gouvernance locale de la petite enfance : quels enjeux pour le développement des territoires, les modes d'organisation des acteurs et la régulation de la qualité ?

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    International audienceCet article analyse les Ă©volutions rĂ©centes de la gouvernance locale du secteur de la petiteenfance du point de vue des opĂ©rateurs et des acteurs institutionnels.Pour mener cette recherche, trois terrains ont Ă©tĂ© explorĂ©s entre 2011 et 2013 ; un dĂ©partementurbain, un dĂ©partement rural et un dĂ©partement mixte.Les rĂ©sultats montrent (1) le renforcement d’une gouvernance quasi-marchande, (2) un tournantgestionnaire et des processus de standardisation qui rĂ©duisent les Ă©carts entre les acteurs, (3)l’impact important des instruments de politique publique sur les modĂšles de qualitĂ©.Cette Ă©tude s’est inscrite dans le cadre de l’appel Ă  propositions de recherches lancĂ© par laCNAF en 2011 sur le thĂšme de la gouvernance de la petite enfance

    Update of French society for rheumatology recommendations for managing rheumatoid arthritis

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    International audienceThe 2014 French Society for Rheumatology (SociĂ©tĂ© Française de Rheumatologie, SFR) recommendations about the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have been updated by a task force composed of 12 expert rheumatologists, 2 patient self-help group representatives, and an occupational therapist. The material used by the task force included recent EULAR recommendations, a systematic literature review, and expert opinion. Four general principles and 15 recommendations were developed. The general principles emphasize the need for shared decision-making between the rheumatologist and the patient and for a global management program including both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments. The recommendations deal with the diagnostic strategy for RA, treatment targets, management organization, drug selection based on the treatment line and prognostic factors, management of remissions, and global patient management. Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) therapy should be started as early as possible. Validated composite scores should be determined at regular intervals to assess disease activity - according to the tight disease control concept - to achieve the treatment target, i.e., a remission. Methotrexate is the recommended first-line DMARD. The treatment should be optimized when methotrexate is poorly tolerated or inadequately effective. While waiting for conventional synthetic DMARDs to take effect, glucocorticoid therapy can be used, for a brief period to keep the cumulative dose low. When a sustained remission without structural progression is achieved in a patient who is not taking glucocorticoid therapy, targeted therapy de-escalation according to tight disease control principles should be considered. Patients should be periodically screened for comorbidities and their risk factors, which should be evaluated and treated
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