Environnement et géomatique : une palette variée de métiers, présentés à travers cinq entretiens

Cinq professionnels de l'environnement utilisant régulièrement la géomatique ont accepté de nous parler de leur métier au cours d’entretiens réalisés en février 2014. Anciens étudiants de la licence professionnelle "Environnement et géomatique" ou du master 2 "Développement durable, management environnemental et géomatique", formés par l'Université Paris 1 et l'École Nationale des Sciences Géographiques, ils sont issus à l'origine de diverses disciplines et travaillent aujourd'hui dans des do..

Increased Mortality for Elective Surgery during Summer Vacation: a Longitudinal Analysis of Nationwide Data

Surgical safety during vacation periods may be influenced by the interplay of several factors, including workers' leave, hospital activity, climate, and the variety of patient cases. This study aimed to highlight an annually recurring peak of surgical mortality during summer in France and explore its main predictors. We selected all elective of open surgical procedures performed in French hospitals between 2007 and 2012. Surgical mortality variation was analyzed over time in relation to workers leaving on vacation, the volume of procedures performed by hospitals, and temperature changes. We ran a multilevel logistic regression for exploring the determinants of surgical mortality, taking into account the clustering of patients within hospitals and adjusting for patient and hospital characteristics. A total of 609 French hospitals had 8,926,120 discharges related to open elective surgery. During 6 years, we found a recurring mortality peak of 1.15% (95% CI 1.09-1.20) in August compared with 0.81% (0.79-0.82, p<.001) in other months. The incidence of worker vacation was 43.0% (38.9-47.2) in August compared with 7.3% (4.6-10.1, p<.001) in other months. Hospital activity decreased substantially in August (78,126 inpatient stays, 75,298-80,954) in relation to other months (128,142, 125,697–130,586, p<.001). After adjusting for all covariates, we found an "August effect" reflecting a higher risk to patients undergoing operations at this time (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.12-1.19, p<.001). The main study limitation was the absence of data linkage between surgical staffing and mortality at the hospital level. The observed, recurring mortality peak in August raises questions about how to maintain hospital activity and optimal staffing through better regulation of human activities

(13)C/(12)C composition, a novel parameter to study the downward migration of paper sludge in soils†

δ(13)C values of crop and forest soils were measured 8 years after disposal of paper sewage sludge. The carbon transfer from paper sludge downward to the first humic layer is evidenced by a (13)C-enrichnient of up to + 5.6‰ due to the input of (13)C-enriched sludge carbonates. (13)C/(12)C composition is thus a novel, sensitive parameter to follow the downward transfer of paper sludge carbon

The Glasgow consensus on the delineation between pesticide emission inventory and impact assessment for LCA

Purpose: Pesticides are applied to agricultural fields in order to optimise crop yield and their global use is substantial. Their consideration in Life cycle assessment (LCA) is currently affected by important inconsistencies between the emission inventory and impact assessment phases of LCA. A clear definition of the delineation between the product system model (life cycle inventory, technosphere) and the natural environment (life cycle impact assessment, ecosphere) is currently missing and could be established via consensus building. Methods: A workshop held on the 11 May 2013, in Glasgow, UK, back to back with the 23rd SETAC Europe meeting had the goal of establishing consensus and creating clear guidelines where the boundary between the emission inventory and the impact characterisation model should be set in all three spatial dimensions and time when considering application of substances to an open agricultural field or in greenhouses, and consequent emissions to the natural environment and their potential impacts. More than 30 specialists in agrifood LCI, LCIA, risk assessment, and ecotoxicology, representing industry, government, and academia from 15 countries and four continents met to discuss and reach consensus. The resulting guidelines target LCA practitioners, data (base) and characterisation method developers, and decision makers. Results and discussion: Although, the initial goal was to define recommendations concerning boundaries between technosphere and ecosphere, it became clear that these strongly depend on goal and scope of an LCA study. Instead, the focus was on defining a clear interface between LCI and LCIA, capable of supporting any goal and scope requirements while avoiding double counting or exclusion of important emission flows and their potential impacts. Consensus was reached accordingly on distinct sets of recommendations for LCI and LCIA respectively, recommending for example that buffer zones should be considered as part of the crop production system and the change in yield per ha be considered. While the spatial dimensions of the field were not fixed, the temporal boundary between dynamic LCI fate modelling and steady-state LCIA fate modelling needs to be defined. Conclusions and recommendations: For pesticides application, the inventory should report: pesticide identification, crop, mass applied of each active ingredient, application method or formulation type, presence of buffer zones (y/n), location/country, application time in days before harvest and crop growth stage during application, adherence with Good Agricultural Practice (GAP), and whether the field is considered part of the technosphere or the ecosphere. Additionally, emission fractions to defined environmental media on-field and off-field should be reported. For LCIA, the directly concerned impact categories were identified as well as a list of relevant fate and exposure processes. Next steps and future work were identified: 1) establishing default emission fractions to environmental media for integration into LCI databases, and 2) interaction among impact model developers to extend current methods with new elements/processes mentioned in the recommendations, including targeted technical workshops on “how to” model specific processes.JRC.H.8-Sustainability Assessmen

Xavier de Maistre autour de sa chambre : le nouvel art de voyager

Les bouleversements politiques qui ont eu lieu de la fin du XVIIIe siècle au début du XIXe siècle figurent au rang de ceux-là. Et c’est dans le choc de ces événements historiques et dans la succession et confrontation des régimes politiques que sont nés sous la plume d’un auteur savoyard, Xavier de Maistre, deux textes intitulés Voyage autour de ma chambre et Expédition nocturne autour de ma chambre, publiés respectivement en 1795 et en 1825, soit à trente ans d’écart. La période de leur publication constitue véritablement une époque charnière, un entre-deux où l’esprit de l’Ancien Régime doit laisser la place à celui du Nouveau Régime, dont l’installation brutale s’accompagne de tâtonnements, d’incertitudes et de violences, aussi physiques que symboliques

Peintures cambodgiennes coloniales : <i>La route du plus fort</i> et <i>Le retour à l’argile</i> de George Groslier

À travers les rapports qui lient Auguste Pavie et les Cambodgiens de la localité où il se trouve, se reflète l’attraction réciproque de l’Extrême-Orient et de l’Occident. Entre séduction et répulsion, résistance et embrassement, les relations entre les deux entités dépassent le cadre impérialiste, politique, économique et stratégique. Le lien colonial qui unit un temps l’Indochine et la France donne forme à une interpénétration culturelle, dont un des fruits qui n’a de cesse de mûrir au fil du temps et de l’approfondissement des relations est la littérature coloniale indochinoise

A statistical model to assess the risk of communicable diseases associated with multiple exposures in healthcare settings.

International audienceBACKGROUND: The occurrence of communicable diseases (CD) depends on exposure to contagious persons. The effects of exposure to CD are delayed in time and contagious persons remain contagious for several days during which their contagiousness varies. Moreover when multiple exposures occur, it is difficult to know which exposure is associated with the CD. METHODS: A statistical model at the individual level is presented to estimate the risk of CD to patients, in healthcare settings, with multiple observed exposures to other patients and healthcare workers and unobserved exposures to unobserved or unobservable sources. The model explores the delayed effect of observed exposure, of source contagiousness and of unobserved exposure. It was applied to data on influenza-like illness (ILI) among patients in a university hospital during 3 influenza seasons: from 2004 to 2007. Over a total of 138,411 patients-days of follow-up, 64 incident ILI cases were observed among 21,519 patients at risk of ILI. RESULTS: The ILI risk per 10,000 patients-days associated with observed exposure was about 129.1 (95% Credible Interval (CrI): 84.5, 182.9) and was associated at 72% with exposures to patients or healthcare workers 1 day earlier and at 41% with the 1st day of source contagiousness. The ILI risk associated with unobserved exposure was 0.8 (95% CrI: 0.3, 1.6) per 10,000 patients-days in non-epidemic situation in the community and 4.3 (95% CrI: 0.4, 11.0) in epidemic situation. CONCLUSIONS: The model could be an interesting epidemiological tool to further assess the relative contributions of observed and unobserved exposures to CD risk in healthcare settings

Environnement et géomatique : des métiers en mutation

International audienceLes compétences géomatiques développées dans le champ de l’environnement représentent des savoirs et des savoir-faire indéniablement en plein essor en France, que ce soit dans le secteur public ou privé. En parallèle, depuis plus de vingt ans, les métiers de l’environnement ont connu un développement incontestable. En témoigne la concurrence légitime qui animeles organismes de formation pour promouvoir l’insertion professionnelle de leurs étudiants, au détriment parfois des cursus proposés par les universités

Presence of kidney disease as an qutcome predictor in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension

International audienceBackground: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) may lead to right heart failure and subsequently alter glomerular filtration rates (GFR). Chronic kidney disease (CKD, GFR = 60 years, female gender, NYHA 4, and CKD at diagnosis were independently associated with decreased survival. The adjusted hazards ratio for death associated with CKD was 1.81 (95% confidence interval [1.01-3.25]). Conclusion: CKD is frequent at PAH diagnosis and is independently associated with increased mortality. Right heart failure may induce renal hypoperfusion and congestion, and is associated with eGFR decrease

Use of baclofen for the treatment of alcohol use disorders between 2014 and 2021 in France

IntroductionThe use of baclofen for the treatment of alcohol use disorders (AUD) in France has increased significantly between 2007 and 2013, initially through off-label prescription (1,2). In April 2014, temporary authorization for use (TAU) was granted, followed by marketing authorization (MA) in October 2018. It was also reported that high doses of baclofen had the potential for serious adverse effects (3). As a result, the maximum dose was limited to 80 mg/day in July 2017. We aimed to assess the impact of the medical authorization (MA) of baclofen for alcohol use disorder (AUD) on the number of newly treated patients in France between 2014 and 2021, and the impact of dose restrictions on baclofen dosage.MethodsA retrospective cohort study of patients newly treated with baclofen for AUD was conducted using data from the French National Health Data System. Characteristics of patients and treatments were described. Interrupted time-series analyses (ARIMA models) were performed to evaluate the effect of MA and dose limitation on baclofen treatment initiations and daily doses.ResultsBetween 2014 and 2021, 478,109 patients were newly treated with baclofen for AUD. A significant decline of initiations of baclofen was observed between 2014 (N=98,552) and 2015 (N=67,555), and a gradual decrease after 2016 (N=48 471 in 2021). The MA of baclofen for AUD did not have a statistically significant impact on the number of baclofen initiations for AUD. Before dose limitation, respectively 78.0% and 0.8% of daily doses were lower than 80mg and higher than 300mg, against 88.3% and 0.5% after July 2017.ConclusionSince the peak in 2014, baclofen use has been steadily decreasing and MA has not resulted in an increase in baclofen initiations for AUD. The part of patients with a dose greater than 300mg is low and has decreased over the period 2014-2021