Outils d'évaluation de la biodisponibilité des contaminants dans les sols et apport en évaluation des risques pour les écosystèmes.

p71 à 87: texte p85-111: diaporama conférenceNational audienceLa biodisponibilité est la part des contaminants du milieu disponible pour l'assimilation par les organismes. Elle peut être déterminée par mesure des effets (= biodisponibilité toxicologique) et/ou de la bioaccumulation (= biodisponibilité environnementale) des contaminants chez des organismes exposés en laboratoire ou in situ à des sols contaminés. Des exemples d'utilisation des escargots et des plantes pour évaluer la biodisponibilité sont présentés. http://www2.ademe.fr/servlet/KBaseShow?sort=-1&cid=96&m=3&catid=1014

Mediterranean Fishing Strategies and interactions Between Small Scale Fisheries and Trawlers in the Mediterranean Hake Fishery

Mediterranean fisheries are characterized by a high diversity of fishing strategies that can be differentiated according to a gradient from the coast to the offshore area. Over the gradient, fleets interact through the resource. The paper first provides a description of the fishing strategies and proposes a typology for the French Mediterranean fleet based on this gradient. A focus on the interactions between fleets is then provided through the example of the Mediterranean hake fishery. In this fishery, two main strategies, small scale gillnetters operating in the 3 milles area and trawlers operating more offshore, compete for the resource. A description of these two segments is provided and the management implications of the technical interactions are highlighted.Keywords: Fisheries Economics, Fish and Aquaculture Sectors Development, Small Scale FisheriesKeywords: Fisheries Economics, Fish and Aquaculture Sectors Development, Small Scale Fisherie

Seminal Plasma Exposures Strengthen Vaccine Responses in the Female Reproductive Tract Mucosae

HIV-1 sexual transmission occurs mainly via mucosal semen exposures. In the female reproductive tract (FRT), seminal plasma (SP) induces physiological modifications, including inflammation. An effective HIV-1 vaccine should elicit mucosal immunity, however, modifications of vaccine responses by the local environment remain to be characterized. Using a modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) as a vaccine model, we characterized the impact of HIV-1+ SP intravaginal exposure on the local immune responses of non-human primates. Multiple HIV-1+ SP exposures did not impact the anti-MVA antibody responses. However, SP exposures revealed an anti-MVA responses mediated by CD4+ T cells, which was not observed in the control group. Furthermore, the frequency and the quality of specific anti-MVA CD8+ T cell responses increased in the FRT exposed to SP. Multi-parameter approaches clearly identified the cervix as the most impacted compartment in the FRT. SP exposures induced a local cell recruitment of antigen presenting cells, especially CD11c+ cells, and CD8+ T cell recruitment in the FRT draining lymph nodes. CD11c+ cell recruitment was associated with upregulation of inflammation-related gene expression after SP exposures in the cervix. We thus highlight the fact that physiological conditions, such as SP exposures, should be taken into consideration to test and to improve vaccine efficacy against HIV-1 and other sexually transmitted infections

Rapid Dissemination of SIV Follows Multisite Entry after Rectal Inoculation

Receptive ano-rectal intercourse is a major cause of HIV infection in men having sex with men and in heterosexuals. Current knowledge of the mechanisms of entry and dissemination during HIV rectal transmission is scarce and does not allow the development of preventive strategies. We investigated the early steps of rectal infection in rhesus macaques inoculated with the pathogenic isolate SIVmac251 and necropsied four hours to nine days later. All macaques were positive for SIV. Control macaques inoculated with heat-inactivated virus were consistently negative for SIV. SIV DNA was detected in the rectum as early as four hours post infection by nested PCR for gag in many laser-microdissected samples of lymphoid aggregates and lamina propria but never in follicle-associated epithelium. Scarce SIV antigen positive cells were observed by immunohistofluorescence in the rectum, among intraepithelial and lamina propria cells as well as in clusters in lymphoid aggregates, four hours post infection and onwards. These cells were T cells and non-T cells that were not epithelial cells, CD68+ macrophages, DC-SIGN+ cells or fascin+ dendritic cells. DC-SIGN+ cells carried infectious virus. Detection of Env singly spliced mRNA in the mucosa by nested RT-PCR indicated ongoing viral replication. Strikingly, four hours post infection colic lymph nodes were also infected in all macaques as either SIV DNA or infectious virus was recovered. Rapid SIV entry and dissemination is consistent with trans-epithelial transport. Virions appear to cross the follicle-associated epithelium, and also the digestive epithelium. Viral replication could however be more efficient in lymphoid aggregates. The initial sequence of events differs from both vaginal and oral infections, which implies that prevention strategies for rectal transmission will have to be specific. Microbicides will need to protect both digestive and follicle-associated epithelia. Vaccines will need to induce immunity in lymph nodes as well as in the rectum

Recherche et pratique musicales en bibliothèque : une expérience partagée entre bibliothécaires, élèves et professeurs

La cité de la musique à Paris Comme toutes les bibliothèques d’écoles spécialisées, celle du Conservatoire national supérieur de musique et de danse de Paris (CNSMDP) a toujours entretenu un lien très fort avec l’institution et ses pratiques pédagogiques. Ouverte à tous, son principal public est aujourd’hui celui des musiciens et dans une moindre mesure des danseurs élèves du Conservatoire. La manière dont ils fréquentent ou « contournent » le lieu est une source d’interrogation : malgré des..

Study of photo-oxidized n-type textured silicon surface through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

International audienceFor crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells, it is useful to measure accurately the thickness of silicon oxide (SiOx) layer presents on textured c-Si surface to further adapt the fluoride-based etching treatment. Common techniques used to characterize thin films thicknesses, such as ellipsometry or profilometry, are however not suitable for highly textured surfaces. In this work, a methodology based on Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) has been developed to determine the thickness of anodic SiOx on n-type textured c-Si surface. EIS measurements have been carried out on bare c-Si surface as well as on c-Si surface with various anodic SiOx thicknesses grown by photo-oxidation. The as-obtained Nyquist and Bode diagrams enabled to plot the related Mott-Schottky curves and determine the corresponding flatband potentials (Vfb). A reference standard graph giving the anodic SiOx thickness according to measured Vfb has been therefore established. A shift of Mott-Schottky curves towards higher potential values with increased anodic SiOx thickness has been shown and explained. Mott-Schottky curves of photo-oxidized silicon surfaces have demonstrated a particular shape related to the different behaviors of Si/SiOx/electrolyte device depending on the applied overpotential. These results have been used to study the etching rate of anodic SiOx in NaHF2 fluoride media

Chapitre 23 : L’expérience des grands-parents dans un contexte d’oncologie pédiatrique

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Bobby ::un chatbot qui utilise la musique pour améliorer vos émotions

La musique utilisée en thérapie présente de nombreux avantages. En effet c’est une activité quotidienne qui ne nécessite aucune formation et a de nombreux impacts sur nos émotions. Elle peut les changer, les améliorer et les influencer. Un autre avantage en ce qui concerne l’accessibilité et le coût des séances thérapeutiques sont les chatbots proposant une thérapie. Récemment, les chatbots ont commencé non seulement à être utilisés en thérapie mais également à prouver leur efficacité. Sur ces bases, nous avons conçu Bobby, notre chatbot proposant de la musique pour améliorer les émotions. Le dialogue est basé sur le déroulement de la thérapie et suit donc les trois phases : exploration, insight et action. La structure de ce dialogue suit la logique d’un chatbot, proposant l’art thérapie, déjà créée : SERMO. Bobby pose des questions sur l’humeur, l’état émotionnel, la musique et enfin, passe à l’activité musicale. La musique proposée par le chatbot est tirée d’une base de données contenant des morceaux émotionnellement connotés et empiriquement validés. Les musiques sont proposées par rapport à l’état émotionnel de la personne et selon qu’elle souhaite le changer ou le renforcer. Quatorze participant-e-s ont testé le chatbot. Aucune analyse statistique n’est encore effectuée, mais les résultats préliminaires montrent un effet positif sur le groupe souhaitant renforcer son émotion ou état émotionnel. Bien qu’aucun effet n’ait été observé dans le groupe souhaitant changer leur émotion ou état émotionnel, dire que le chatbot n’est pas efficace n’est pas possible. En effet il faudra tester une plus grande population afin de pouvoir mener de réelles analyses statistiques et pouvoir tirer les conclusions des résultats obtenus