Dissipation of Three Fungicides and Their Effects on Anthocyanins and Color of Monastrell Red Wines

© 2019. The authors This document is made available under the CC-BY 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by /4.0/ This document is the published version of a published work that appeared in final form in International Journal of Molecular Sciences.The effect of fungicides on fermentation is of paramount importance to control the quality and safety of wines. In this work, the quality (enological parameters, color, phenolic content, antioxidant activity, and fungicide residues) of wines from Monastrell grapes fortified with iprovalicarb, mepanipyrim, and tetraconazole fungicides was evaluated. Along the winemaking process, initial residues of mepanipyrim and tetraconazole were removed in more than 90% while the dissipation of iprovalicarb was around 73%. Significant statistical differences were found in the presence of iprovalicarb and mepanipyrim residues, especially at the highest concentration assayed. For both fungicides, increases in the volatile acidity (between 4 and 8.6 times), the lactic acid content (between 8.6 and 20.5 times), the percentage of polymeric anthocyanins (between 1.3 and 1.7 times), and also a slight increase of the total phenolic index and the total anthocyanin content determined by spectrophotometry were observed. On the contrary, the total monomeric anthocyanins content decreased about 16.3% and 28.6% in the presence of iprovalicarb and mepanipyrim, respectively. These results could be related to a higher development of acetic acid or lactic bacteria in the presence of these fungicides. The color of the final wines was also different in comparison with the control, with a higher yellow component, color intensity, tonality, and hue angle because of pH changes in the medium. Tetraconazole fermentations had a more similar trend to the control wine, probably due to the lower concentration of this fungicide in the grape must at the initial time. No effects on the antioxidant activity was observed for any of the target fungicides. A multivariate statistical analysis was done to view the interrelationships between different variables (color and anthocyanins profile). The obtained model allowed the wines to be separated according to the fungicide treatment applied

Removal of Phenolic Compounds from Water Using Copper Ferrite Nanosphere Composites as Fenton Catalysts

The authors affiliated to the University of Jaén (Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry) acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness and from FEDER (Project CTQ2016-80978-C2-1-R). L. Mateus thanks the Asociación Universitaria Iberoamericana de Postgrado (AUIP) and University of Jaén for their grant and financial support.Copper ferrites containing Cu+ ions can be highly active heterogeneous Fenton catalysts due to synergic effects between Fe and Cu ions. Therefore, a method of copper ferrite nanosphere (CFNS) synthesis was selected that also permits the formation of cuprite, obtaining a CFNS composite that was subsequently calcined up to 400 °C. Composites were tested as Fenton catalysts in the mineralization of phenol (PHE), p-nitrophenol (PNP) and p-aminophenol (PAP). Catalysts were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and magnetic measurements. Degradation of all phenols was practically complete at 95% total organic carbon (TOC) removal. Catalytic activity increased in the order PHE < PNP < PAP and decreased when the calcination temperature was raised; this order depended on the electronic effects of the substituents of phenols. The as-prepared CFNS showed the highest catalytic activity due to the presence of cubic copper ferrite and cuprite. The Cu+ surface concentration decreased after calcination at 200 °C, diminishing the catalytic activity. Cuprite alone showed a lower activity than the CFNS composite and the homogeneous Fenton reaction had almost no influence on its overall activity. CFNS activity decreased with its reutilization due to the disappearance of the cuprite phase. Degradation pathways are proposed for the phenols.This research was funded by Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness and FEDER (grant number CTQ2016-80978-C2-1-R), Asociación Universitaria Iberoamericana de Postgrado (AUIP) and University of Jaén

Characterisation of two quorum sensing systems in the endophytic Serratia plymuthica strain G3: differential control of motility and biofilm formation according to life-style

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>N</it>-acylhomoserine lactone (AHL)-based quorum sensing (QS) systems have been described in many plant-associated Gram-negative bacteria to control certain beneficial phenotypic traits, such as production of biocontrol factors and plant growth promotion. However, the role of AHL-mediated signalling in the endophytic strains of plant-associated <it>Serratia </it>is still poorly understood. An endophytic <it>Serratia </it>sp. G3 with biocontrol potential and high levels of AHL signal production was isolated from the stems of wheat and the role of QS in this isolate was determined.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Strain G3 classified as <it>Serratia plymuthica </it>based on 16S rRNA was subjected to phylogenetic analysis. Using primers to conserved sequences of <it>luxIR </it>homologues from the <it>Serratia </it>genus, <it>splIR </it>and <it>spsIR </it>from the chromosome of strain G3 were cloned and sequenced. AHL profiles from strain G3 and <it>Escherichia coli </it>DH5α expressing <it>splI </it>or <it>spsI </it>from recombinant plasmids were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. This revealed that the most abundant AHL signals produced by SplI in <it>E. coli </it>were <it>N</it>-3-oxo-hexanoylhomoserine lactone (3-oxo-C6-HSL), <it>N</it>-3-oxo-heptanoylhomoserine lactone (3-oxo-C7-HSL), <it>N</it>-3-hydroxy-hexanoylhomoserine lactone (3-hydroxy-C6-HSL), <it>N</it>-hexanoylhomoserine lactone (C6-HSL), and <it>N</it>-heptanoyl homoserine lactone (C7-HSL); whereas SpsI was primarily responsible for the synthesis of <it>N</it>-butyrylhomoserine lactone (C4-HSL) and <it>N</it>-pentanoylhomoserine lactone (C5-HSL). Furthermore, a quorum quenching analysis by heterologous expression of the <it>Bacillus </it>A24 AiiA lactonase in strain G3 enabled the identification of the AHL-regulated biocontrol-related traits. Depletion of AHLs with this lactonase resulted in altered adhesion and biofilm formation using a microtiter plate assay and flow cells coupled with confocal laser scanning microscopy respectively. This was different from the closely related <it>S. plymuthica </it>strains HRO-C48 and RVH1, where biofilm formation for both strains is AHL-independent. In addition, QS in G3 positively regulated antifungal activity, production of exoenzymes, but negatively regulated production of indol-3-acetic acid (IAA), which is in agreement with previous reports in strain HRO-C48. However, in contrast to HRO-C48, swimming motility was not controlled by AHL-mediated QS.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This is the first report of the characterisation of two AHL-based quorum sensing systems in the same isolate of the genus <it>Serratia</it>. Our results show that the QS network is involved in the global regulation of biocontrol-related traits in the endophytic strain G3. However, although free-living and endophytic <it>S. plymuthica </it>share some conservation on QS phenotypic regulation, the control of motility and biofilm formation seems to be strain-specific and possible linked to the life-style of this organism.</p

Efficacy of aldose reductase inhibitors is affected by oxidative stress induced under X-ray irradiation

Human aldose reductase (hAR, AKR1B1) has been explored as drug target since the 1980s for its implication in diabetic complications. An activated form of hAR was found in cells from diabetic patients, showing a reduced sensitivity to inhibitors in clinical trials, which may prevent its pharmacological use. Here we report the conversion of native hAR to its activated form by X-ray irradiation simulating oxidative stress conditions. Upon irradiation, the enzyme activity increases moderately and the potency of several hAR inhibitors decay before global protein radiation damage appears. The catalytic behavior of activated hAR is also reproduced as the KM increases dramatically while the kcat is not much affected. Consistently, the catalytic tetrad is not showing any modification. The only catalytically-relevant structural difference observed is the conversion of residue Cys298 to serine and alanine. A mechanism involving electron capture is suggested for the hAR activation. We propose that hAR inhibitors should not be designed against the native protein but against the activated form as obtained from X-ray irradiation. Furthermore, since the reactive species produced under irradiation conditions are the same as those produced under oxidative stress, the described irradiation method can be applied to other relevant proteins under oxidative stress environments.This work was started, and partly supported by a grant from the Spanish Nuclear Council (CSN)

Contribution of critical doses of iprovalicarb, mepanipyrim and tetraconazole to the generation of volatile compounds from Monastrell-based wines

Financiado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade de Vigo/CISUGThe individual effects of iprovalicarb, mepanipyrim, and tetraconazole on the volatile composition and aromatic profile of Monastrell-based wines were evaluated. To date, no studies about the effect of these fungicides on Monastrell-based wines are available, and the effect on other grape varieties is also unknown. Fungicides were added separately in the cellar to the grape must at two concentration levels (4 and 10 mg/kg for iprovalicarb and mepanipyrim and 1 and 2.5 mg/kg for tetraconazole). The aromatic composition of the final wines was analysed by gas chromatography using flame ionisation and ion trap mass selective detectors. In the presence of fungicides, the most significant variations were observed for isoamyl acetate and 2-phenylethyl acetate (increasing between 20 and 43% compared with the control wine) and ethyl caprate and caprylate (increasing between 12 and 68%). Consequently, treated wines showed a higher global odourant intensity, with increased fresh fruit notes.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. AGL2015-66491-C2-1-RAgencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. PID2019-105061RB-C2

Radiomics signatures of cardiovascular risk factors in cardiac MRI: Results from the UK Biobank

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) radiomics is a novel technique for advanced cardiac image phenotyping by analyzing multiple quantifiers of shape and tissue texture. In this paper, we assess, in the largest sample published to date, the performance of CMR radiomics models for identifying changes in cardiac structure and tissue texture due to cardiovascular risk factors. We evaluated five risk factor groups from the first 5,065 UK Biobank participants: hypertension (n = 1,394), diabetes (n = 243), high cholesterol (n = 779), current smoker (n = 320), and previous smoker (n = 1,394). Each group was randomly matched with an equal number of healthy comparators (without known cardiovascular disease or risk factors). Radiomics analysis was applied to short axis images of the left and right ventricles at end-diastole and end-systole, yielding a total of 684 features per study. Sequential forward feature selection in combination with machine learning (ML) algorithms (support vector machine, random forest, and logistic regression) were used to build radiomics signatures for each specific risk group. We evaluated the degree of separation achieved by the identified radiomics signatures using area under curve (AUC), receiver operating characteristic (ROC), and statistical testing. Logistic regression with L1-regularization was the optimal ML model. Compared to conventional imaging indices, radiomics signatures improved the discrimination of risk factor vs. healthy subgroups as assessed by AUC [diabetes: 0.80 vs. 0.70, hypertension: 0.72 vs. 0.69, high cholesterol: 0.71 vs. 0.65, current smoker: 0.68 vs. 0.65, previous smoker: 0.63 vs. 0.60]. Furthermore, we considered clinical interpretation of risk-specific radiomics signatures. For hypertensive individuals and previous smokers, the surface area to volume ratio was smaller in the risk factor vs. healthy subjects; perhaps reflecting a pattern of global concentric hypertrophy in these conditions. In the diabetes subgroup, the most discriminatory radiomics feature was the median intensity of the myocardium at end-systole, which suggests a global alteration at the myocardial tissue level

Therapy Prospects for Mitochondrial DNA Maintenance Disorders

Esgotament; Teràpia gènica; MitocondrisMitochondria; Depletion; Gene therapyAgotamiento; Terapia génica; MitocondriasMitochondrial DNA depletion and multiple deletions syndromes (MDDS) constitute a group of mitochondrial diseases defined by dysfunctional mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication and maintenance. As is the case for many other mitochondrial diseases, the options for the treatment of these disorders are rather limited today. Some aggressive treatments such as liver transplantation or allogeneic stem cell transplantation are among the few available options for patients with some forms of MDDS. However, in recent years, significant advances in our knowledge of the biochemical pathomechanisms accounting for dysfunctional mtDNA replication have been achieved, which has opened new prospects for the treatment of these often fatal diseases. Current strategies under investigation to treat MDDS range from small molecule substrate enhancement approaches to more complex treatments, such as lentiviral or adenoassociated vector-mediated gene therapy. Some of these experimental therapies have already reached the clinical phase with very promising results, however, they are hampered by the fact that these are all rare disorders and so the patient recruitment potential for clinical trials is very limited

Growth rate and nutrient limitation as key drivers of extracellular quorum sensing signal molecule accumulation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, quorum sensing (QS) depends on an interconnected regulatory hierarchy involving the Las, Rhl and Pqs systems, which are collectively responsible for the co-ordinated synthesis of a diverse repertoire of N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs) and 2-alkyl-4-quinolones (AQs). Apparent population density-dependent phenomena such as QS may, however, be due to growth rate and/or nutrient exhaustion in batch culture. Using continuous culture, we show that growth rate and population density independently modulate the accumulation of AHLs and AQs such that the highest concentrations are observed at a slow growth rate and high population density. Carbon source (notably succinate), nutrient limitation (C, N, Fe, Mg) or growth at 25 °C generally reduces AHL and AQ levels, except for P and S limitation, which result in substantially higher concentrations of AQs, particularly AQ N-oxides, despite the lower population densities achieved. Principal component analysis indicates that ~26 % variation is due to nutrient limitation and a further 30 % is due to growth rate. The formation of N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone (3OC12-HSL) turnover products such as the ring opened form and tetramic acid varies with the limiting nutrient limitation and anaerobiosis. Differential ratios of N-butanoyl-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL), 3OC12-HSL and the AQs as a function of growth environment are clearly apparent. Inactivation of QS by mutation of three key genes required for QS signal synthesis (lasI, rhlI and pqsA) substantially increases the concentrations of key substrates from the activated methyl cycle and aromatic amino acid biosynthesis, as well as ATP levels, highlighting the energetic drain that AHL and AQ synthesis and hence QS impose on P. aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing systems as drug discovery targets: current position and future perspectives

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious threat to public health globally, manifested by the frequent emergence of multi-drug resistant pathogens that render current chemotherapy inadequate. Health organizations worldwide have recognized the severity of this crisis and implemented action plans to contain its adverse consequences and prolong the utility of conventional antibiotics. Hence, there is a pressing need for new classes of antibacterial agents with novel modes of action. Quorum sensing (QS), a communication system employed by bacterial populations to co-ordinate virulence gene expression, is a potential target that has been intensively investigated over the last decade. This Perspective will focus on recent advances in targeting the three main quorum sensing systems (las, rhl and pqs) of a major opportunistic human pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and will specifically evaluate the medicinal chemistry strategies devised to develop QS inhibitors from a drug discovery perspective