Agua salobre: una opción para la producción de Capsicum annuum hidropónicos en flujo laminar de nutrientes minerales

1 recurso en línea (páginas 147-155)Sweet pepper plants were grown using a Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) hydroponic system. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of using brackish water on fruit production. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design with seven treatments and five replications. The electrical conductivity of the water was 0.29, 1.39, 2.75, 4.49, 5.90, 6.76, and 7.09 dS m-1 in the treatments; this water was used for both the nutrient solution preparation and replenishment of crop evapotranspiration. The plant parameters: fruit diameter, fruit length, number of fruits per plant, mean fruit weight, total fruit weight per plant and fruit length/diameter ratio were evaluated 69 days after the transplanting. The use of brackish water with high electric conductivity values did not directly interfere with the sweet pepper production in NFT hydroponic systems, as long as these values did not exceed the sweet pepper salt tolerance of 1.5 to 1.8 dS m-1.Las plantas de pimiento dulce se cultivaron utilizando un sistema hidropónico Nutrient Film Technique (NFT). Su objetivo fue evaluar el efecto del uso de agua salobre en la producción de fruta. El experimento se llevó a cabo en un diseño de bloques al azar con siete tratamientos y cinco repeticiones. La conductividad eléctrica del agua fue 0,29; 1,39; 2,75; 4,49; 5,90; 6,76 y 7,09 dS m-1 en los tratamientos; también, esta agua se usó tanto para la preparación de la solución de nutrientes como para la reposición de la evapotranspiración del cultivo. Los parámetros de la planta: longitud del fruto, número de frutos por planta, peso medio del fruto, peso total de las frutas por planta y la relación longitud/diámetro del fruto se evaluaron 69 días después del trasplante. El uso de agua salobre con altos valores de conductividad eléctrica no interfiere directamente en la producción de chile dulce en los sistemas hidropónicos NFT, siempre que estos valores no excedan la tolerancia a la sal de pimienta dulce de 1,5 a 1,8 dS m-1.Bibliografía: páginas 154-15

Metal-resistant rhizobacteria change soluble-exchangeable fraction in multi-metal-contaminated soil samples

There is a complex interaction between various components of the soil ecosystem, including microbial biomass and soil chemical contaminants such as heavy metals and radionuclides, which may greatly affect the efficiency of bioremediation techniques. The aim of this study was to investigate microbial capacity to change pH, changes in the metal soluble-exchangeable fraction, and effects of initial heavy metal contents on soil samples in microbial solubilization/immobilization capacity. The soil samples used in this study were collected at a known metal-contaminated site. Three highly metal-resistant bacteria were isolated from rhizosphere soil samples collected on weed species identified as Senecio brasiliensis, Senecio leptolobus, and Baccharis trimera. A completely randomized experimental design in a factorial arrangement was used, with three replicates. In general, with an acid pH, the isolates neutralized the contaminated growth media. In a neutral or basic initial pH, increases in pH were observed in the media, so these bacteria have an alkalizing effect on the growth media. Soluble metal contents were quite different and depend on the microbial species and heavy metal contents in the soil samples. The soluble-exchangeable fraction of metal such as Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cd, Pb, and Ba may be unavailable after inoculation with heavy metalresistant rhizobacteria. A promising approach seems to be the application of inoculants with metal-resistant bacteria in bioremediation of multi-metal-polluted environments to improve the efficiency of this environmentally friendly technology

Solid Waste in Agricultural Soils: An Approach Based on Environmental Principles, Human Health, and Food Security

In recent decades, projections involving population growth, changes in consumption patterns, modifications of the wastes produced, and a significant increase in resource extraction have caused concern in the scientific world, in treatment companies, and in environmental and governmental agencies throughout the world, regarding the destination of the large volume of solid wastes generated, the relatively high contents of potentially toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic substances and pathogenic microorganisms. Waste management has become very important to ensure elementary resources such as water, phosphorus, and food in the future. The recycling policy thus requires that wastes be classified in terms of their appropriateness for new uses and also based on their origins and hazardousness of handling. These classifications are essential in order to allow a minimum of rationality in their new destinations. Currently, several studies have been performed to use solid wastes from human activities as soil conditioners and/or fertilizers for increasing crop productivity. Therefore, studies that monitor organic waste effects on agricultural soils deserve the attention of the international scientific community, as it enables increases in the productivity of agricultural crops, fiber, and biomass energy combined to reduce risks to human, plant, and animal health and environment

Wastewater from swine farming in the growth and nutrition of Khaya senegalensis (DESR.) A Juss seedlings

This study evaluated the use of wastewater from swine farming in the growth and nutritional balance of Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss. (African mahogany) seedlings. The experiment was setup in a shade house on the Professor Cinobelina Elvas Campus of the Federal University of Piauí, in Bom Jesus, in the State of Piauí, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomised, with five concentrations of swine farm wastewater (SFW) (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) added to the irrigation water. The growth and nutritional balance of the seedlings were evaluated 100 days after sowing, by measuring shoot height (H), stem diameter (SD), number of leaves (NL), total chlorophyll (TC), leaf area (LA), shoot dry weight (SDW) and root dry weight (RDW), and by calculating the total dry weight (TDW), leaf (LBA), stem (SBA), and root (RBA) biomass allocation, Dickson Quality Index (DQI) and average Nutritional Balance Index (NBIm). It was found that K. senegalensis seedlings responded to the SFW, showing the best results for growth and nutritional balance at concentrations of around 50%

Bioremediation of contaminated soil by heavy metals in a gold minning plant

O uso de plantas e microrganismos para remediar solos contaminados por metais pesados é uma alternativa aos métodos convencionais desde que o potencial destes organismos seja avaliado. Deste modo, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo identificar plantas capazes de acumular metais, isolar e identificar microrganismos resistentes e biorremovedores de chumbo, avaliar a fitoextração da mucuna-anâ associada à bioaumentação por bactérias e os riscos da fitoacumulação de metais em plantas medicinais cultivadas em solos contaminados. Amostras de solo (rizosférico e não rizosférico) e de plantas espontâneas foram coletadas de áreas de mineração contaminadas por metais a mais de 40 anos. Experimentos foram conduzidos no Laboratório de Microbiologia e na casa de vegetação da Faculdade de Agronomia da UFRGS, com o objetivo de isolar, identificar e caracterizar a produção de promotores de crescimento vegetal de bactérias resistentes ao Pb, avaliar a bioaumentação bacteriana da mucuna-anã cultivada em solos contaminados e a fitoacumulação de metais pesados em plantas medicinais. Nenhuma planta espontânea foi identificada como hiperacumuladora de metais, porém podem ser usadas nas etapas de recuperação de áreas contaminadas. Foram isoladas 25 bactérias resistentes a Pb. Três isolados bacterianos resistentes a Pb produziram ácido indol-3-acético e sideróforos, contudo não foram capazes de solubilizar fosfato de cálcio. temperatura de incubação, o pH inicial e a concentração inicial de Pb afetam o crescimento bacteriano e a biorremoção. A mucuna-anã foi capaz de acumular na fitomassa da parte aérea e raízes elevadas quantidades de Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ba e As sendo considerada uma hiperacumuladora de Cu e Zn. Os teores de Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb, As e Ba encontrados na fitomassa da parte aérea e raiz das espécies medicinais foram muito acima das estabelecidas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde.The use of plants and microorganisms to remediate soils contaminated by heavy metals is an alternative to conventional methods since the potential of these organisms could be properly evaluated. This study aimed to identify plants capable of accumulating metals, isolate and identify microorganisms capable to resist and remove lead and also produces plant growth promoters, evaluate the phytoextraction of bioaugmented Mucuna deeringiana and the potencial risks about the use of medicinal plants for heavy metal accumulation. Soil samples (rhizospheric and non-rhizospheric) and spontaneous plants were collected from mining areas contaminated by metals for over 40 years. Experiments were conducted at the laboratory and at the greenhouse with contaminated soil. The greenhouse experiments evaluated the effect of bacterial bioaugmentation in the growth of Mucuna deeringiana and the phyto-accumulation of metals in medicinal plants. No spontaneous plant was identified as hyperaccumulator of metals, but can be used during the recovering process of contaminated areas. Three Pbresistant bacterial isolates were related to produce indole-3- acetic acid and siderophores, but were not able to solubilize calcium phosphate. The incubation temperature, the initial pH and the initial concentration of Pb affect bacterial growth and Pb bioremoval. The Mucuna deeringiana was able to accumulate in the biomass of shoots and roots high amounts of Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cd, Pb, Cr, and Ba being considered a Cu and Zn hyperaccumulator. The contents of Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb, As and Ba found in the biomass of the aerial part and roots of medicinal species were above recommended by the World Health Organization

Bioremediation of contaminated soil by heavy metals in a gold minning plant

O uso de plantas e microrganismos para remediar solos contaminados por metais pesados é uma alternativa aos métodos convencionais desde que o potencial destes organismos seja avaliado. Deste modo, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo identificar plantas capazes de acumular metais, isolar e identificar microrganismos resistentes e biorremovedores de chumbo, avaliar a fitoextração da mucuna-anâ associada à bioaumentação por bactérias e os riscos da fitoacumulação de metais em plantas medicinais cultivadas em solos contaminados. Amostras de solo (rizosférico e não rizosférico) e de plantas espontâneas foram coletadas de áreas de mineração contaminadas por metais a mais de 40 anos. Experimentos foram conduzidos no Laboratório de Microbiologia e na casa de vegetação da Faculdade de Agronomia da UFRGS, com o objetivo de isolar, identificar e caracterizar a produção de promotores de crescimento vegetal de bactérias resistentes ao Pb, avaliar a bioaumentação bacteriana da mucuna-anã cultivada em solos contaminados e a fitoacumulação de metais pesados em plantas medicinais. Nenhuma planta espontânea foi identificada como hiperacumuladora de metais, porém podem ser usadas nas etapas de recuperação de áreas contaminadas. Foram isoladas 25 bactérias resistentes a Pb. Três isolados bacterianos resistentes a Pb produziram ácido indol-3-acético e sideróforos, contudo não foram capazes de solubilizar fosfato de cálcio. temperatura de incubação, o pH inicial e a concentração inicial de Pb afetam o crescimento bacteriano e a biorremoção. A mucuna-anã foi capaz de acumular na fitomassa da parte aérea e raízes elevadas quantidades de Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cd, Pb, Cr, Ba e As sendo considerada uma hiperacumuladora de Cu e Zn. Os teores de Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb, As e Ba encontrados na fitomassa da parte aérea e raiz das espécies medicinais foram muito acima das estabelecidas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde.The use of plants and microorganisms to remediate soils contaminated by heavy metals is an alternative to conventional methods since the potential of these organisms could be properly evaluated. This study aimed to identify plants capable of accumulating metals, isolate and identify microorganisms capable to resist and remove lead and also produces plant growth promoters, evaluate the phytoextraction of bioaugmented Mucuna deeringiana and the potencial risks about the use of medicinal plants for heavy metal accumulation. Soil samples (rhizospheric and non-rhizospheric) and spontaneous plants were collected from mining areas contaminated by metals for over 40 years. Experiments were conducted at the laboratory and at the greenhouse with contaminated soil. The greenhouse experiments evaluated the effect of bacterial bioaugmentation in the growth of Mucuna deeringiana and the phyto-accumulation of metals in medicinal plants. No spontaneous plant was identified as hyperaccumulator of metals, but can be used during the recovering process of contaminated areas. Three Pbresistant bacterial isolates were related to produce indole-3- acetic acid and siderophores, but were not able to solubilize calcium phosphate. The incubation temperature, the initial pH and the initial concentration of Pb affect bacterial growth and Pb bioremoval. The Mucuna deeringiana was able to accumulate in the biomass of shoots and roots high amounts of Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cd, Pb, Cr, and Ba being considered a Cu and Zn hyperaccumulator. The contents of Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb, As and Ba found in the biomass of the aerial part and roots of medicinal species were above recommended by the World Health Organization

Net mineralization nitrogen and soil chemical changes with application of organic wastes with 'Fermented Bokashi Compost'

The use of organic wastes in agricultural soils is one of the possible ways to employ these materials. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of organic wastes and Fermented Bokashi Compost (FBC), to establish the most efficient use of organic wastes for a soil, changing the net nitrogen mineralization and soil chemical properties. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 6 x 2 x 5 factorial, being five organic wastes plus an control (soil without waste), with or without FBC, evaluated at 0, 7, 42, 70 and 91 days of incubation, with three replicates, under laboratory conditions. The organic wastes enhanced the soil chemical properties and increased nitrogen concentration in soil. However, the net nitrogen mineralization was affected by C/N ratio of wastes and incubation time. The FBC mixed with the wastes accelerated and enhanced organic matter degradation, resulting in quickly available quantity of net nitrogen. The wastes can be considered potentially useful as organic fertilizer but their usefulness appears to depend on knowing the C/N ratio of each one. The FBC can be used when one wants a more accelerated degradation, resulting in a quicker quantity of available nutrients to the plants

INITIAL GROWTH OF YELLOW PASSION FRUIT SEEDLINGS IN SUBSTRATE COMPOSED OF PULP MILL SLUDGE AND CATTLE MANURE

In the last years, as interest in recycling and waste use has increased, many researchers have studied a wide range of potential substrates alternatives. Therefore, is possible that pulp mill sludge can be used as a substrate to seedlings production, while reducing costs. The aim was to evaluate the potential of using pulp mill sludge combined or not with cattle manure as an alternative substrate component for production of seedlings of yellow passion fruit. The experimental design was randomized blocks, in factorial 2 x 3 x 5 design, begin two cultivars (Yellow Maguary FB 100 and FB Master ® 200), three doses of N-P-K (0, 21.4 and 42.8 g plant-1) and five combinations of pulp mill sludge (PMS) and cattle manure (CM). Were used the following combinations: CM 100%, 25% PMS + 75% CM, 50% PMS + 50% CM, 75% PMS + 25% CM and PMS 100%, with four replicates. After 48 days were evaluated shoot and root length, number of leaves, stem diameter, shoot fresh and dry weight and root fresh and dry weight. Observed that increasing concentration of waste in the substrate caused significant damage to seedlings in both cultivars, probably due to nutrient imbalances, therefore is detrimental to the development of seedlings; the application of N-P-K, in the tested doses, is not sufficient to avoid adverse effects in the seedlings or to correct the balance nutritional of waste; and the cattle manure is the best option for the production of quality seedlings, in the conditions studied

Solubility of Heavy Metals/Metalloid on Multi-Metal Contaminated Soil Samples from a Gold Ore Processing Area: Effects of Humic Substances

ABSTRACT Bioavailability of heavy metals at contaminated sites is largely controlled by the physicochemical properties of the environmental media such as dissolved organic matter, hydroxides and clay colloids, pH, soil cation exchange capacity and oxidation-reduction potential. The aim of this study was to investigate soil pH and heavy metal solubility effect by levels of humic and fulvic acids applied in soil samples with different levels of contamination by heavy metals. The soil samples used in this study were collected in a known metal-contaminated site. Humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) were purchased as a commercially available liquid material extracted from Leonardite. The experiment was carried out in a factorial scheme of 4 × (4 + 1), with four contaminated soil samples and four treatments, comprised of two levels of HA, two levels of FA and a control. The HA treatments increased the solubility of Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cd, Pb, As and Ba from soils, while FA treatments decreased, thus raising or not their availability and mobility in soil. Humic acid concentration did not influence soil pH and FA decreased soil pH until 0.7 units. The initial heavy metal concentration in soil affects the magnitude of the processes involving humic substances. The lower releases of heavy metals by FA verified the importance of the complexation properties of organic compounds. These results appear to encourage the use of HA for increased plant-availability of heavy metals in remediation projects and the use of FA for decreased plant-availability of heavy metals at contaminated sites with a risk of introducing metals into the food chain

Bioaugmentation-assisted phytoremediation of As, Cd, and Pb using Sorghum bicolor in a contaminated soil of an abandoned gold ore processing plant

The two main bottlenecks for a successful phytoremediation program are the metal availability in soil and the metal uptake and transfer to shoots of high biomass plants. Several agronomical practices have been tested to boost the bioavailability of metals in soils and accumulation in plants. Here we assessed the feasibility of plant-growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) isolated from a site contaminated by gold ore processing activities to assist the phytoremediation of As, Cd, and Pb by Sorghum bicolor and mitigate the metal toxicity in plants. The bacteria Kluyvera intermedia, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Citrobacter murliniae were evaluated in single, double, and triple inoculations. They are regarded as metal resistant and were isolated from the rhizosphere of species naturally growing on the metal contaminated site. The treatments comprised two soils (contaminated and non-contaminated) and single (K. intermedia, K. oxytoca, or C. murliniae) or multiple inoculations (K. intermedia + K. oxytoca; K. intermedia + C. murliniae; K. oxytoca + C. murliniae; K. intermedia + K. oxytoca + C. murliniae). Plants were grown for 42 days after inoculation. The results showed that the PGPB K. oxytoca and the combination of K. intermedia + K. oxytoca and K. intermedia + C. murliniae were able to mitigate the metal toxicity in the contaminated soil and hence increase the shoot biomass, with implications to the effectiveness of phytoextraction. The sorghum ability to translocate Cd to shoots in the contaminated soil was enhanced through the single inoculation with K. oxytoca, C. murliniae, and K. oxytoca, as well as by the jointinoculation with K. oxytoca + C. murliniae, and K. intermedia + K. oxytoca + C. murliniae. Higher accumulation of metals in shoots is a crucial factor in successful phytoextraction. Arsenic and Pb, on the other hand, had their uptake and concentration in roots stimulated by the inoculation. Therefore, regarding these two metals, phytostabilization programs could benefit from the use of the bacteria studied here