Preliminary design of graphite composite wing panels for commercial transport aircraft

Subjectively assessed practical and producible graphite/epoxy designs were subjected to a multilevel screening procedure which considered structural functions, efficiency, manufacturing and producibility, costs, maintainability, and inspectability. As each progressive screening level was reviewed, more definitive information on the structural efficiency (weight), manufacturing, and inspection procedures was established to support the design selection. The configuration features that enhance producibility of the final selected design can be used as a generic base for application to other wing panel designs. The selected panel design showed a weight saving of 25 percent over a conventional aluminum design meeting the same design requirements. The estimated cost reduction in manufacturing was 20 percent, based on 200 aircraft and projected 1985 automated composites manufacturing capability. The panel design background information developed will be used in the follow-on tasks to ensure that future panel development represents practical and producible design approaches to graphite/epoxy wing surface panels

The Benefits of Breastfeeding

It is important to educate women of childbearing age, their families, and society of the benefits that breastfeeding has over bottle-feeding and formula-feeding. The benefits of breastfeeding are in three main categories. First, the developmental, physical, emotional, and spiritual benefits of the baby will be discussed. Then the physical, emotional, and spiritual benefits for the mother will be talked about along with possible contraindications or difficulties. Finally, the financial benefits of breastfeeding over feeding an infant from the bottle will be discussed as it relates to the family and government. The goal is to persuade that breastfeeding is a superior nutritional resource and has numerous physiological, psychological and financial benefits for all members of society

Evaluation of Methods of Reducing Seed Dormancy in Switchgrass, Indiangrass, and Big Bluestem

Switchgrass, Panicun virgatum L., Indiangrass, Sorghastrum nutans Nash, and big bluestem, Andropogon gerardi Vitman, are tall, erect, native warm-season perennial grasses which in the past few years have received wide acceptance for use in the midsummer pasture establishment throughout the Great Plains. These warm-season grasses are native to the eastern part of the Great Plains and largely make up the tall grass prairie. They are well adapted to hot summer conditions and grow vigorously during July and August when the growth of cool-season grasses is slow or nil. Stand establishment and laboratory seed testing of these grasses are complicated by high levels of seed dormancy which frequently persists a year or more after seed harvest. ·Germination procedures set forth in the Association of Official Seed Analysts\u27 Rules for Testing Seeds-1970 prescribe a two-week prechill of dormant switchgrass, Indiangrass and big bluestem seed. Germination readings obtained when using the above method were low. The low germinating samples can be checked to determine actual viability and potential germination with a triphenyl tetrazolium chloride solution. Tetrazolium tests indicated that many of the seed were capable of a germination and that the switchgrass, Indiangrass, and big bluestem seed were in a temporary state of dormancy. This study was undertaken to see if pre-germination treatment(s) would reduce the seed dormancy of switchgrass, Indiangrass, and big bluestem in order to obtain maximum germination reading in the laboratory and in field plantings

Investigation of Ba, BaO, Sr and SrO Pulsed Laser-Induced Vapor Plumes in N2, O2, Microwave Discharged O2, and Vacuum at Low Laser Fluence

Ba, BaO, Sr and SrO were ablated by 248 nm laser pulses at fluences ranging from 270 mJ-/sq cm to 575 mJ-/sq cm in vacuum and in 25 mtorr atmospheres of N2, O2 and microwave-discharged O2. The spectral emissions of these plumes were compared for indications of ionization due to Ba or Sr collisions with each gas. The addition of a background gas increased the ion and neutral signature across the spectrum. SrO band emission was observed at 16,600-16,900/cm and possible BaO band emissions were observed in the 18,250-18,400/cm, 19,000-19700/cm and 19,800-20,000/cm regions. A screened plate ion probe was use to establish the ion content of the Ba plume. A time of flight study established low-pressure (1 to 35 mtorr) and low-fluence (40 to 160 mJ-/sq cm relationships on Ba(+) velocity and population. Observed ion velocities ranged from 3.1 km/sec. To 4.5 km/sec. Results indicate the addition of a background gas at pressures less than 25 mtorr quenches Ba(+) in the plume and retards the plume expansion

Impact detection system

In an embodiment, an apparatus and method capable of determining the time and location of a projectile's impact is disclosed. In another embodiment, an apparatus and method capable of determining the time and location of a projectile's impact as well as the direction from whence the projectile came is disclosed

Cooperation: Key to Management Problems

Reprint of a 2001 publication developed for the Toledo Industrial Recreation and Employee Services Association (TIRES)

Corn Silage Diets for Finishing Cattle When Supplemented With Soybean Meal or Urea and DES Fed at 10 mg., 20 mg. Daily or Implanted

Corn silage properly supplemented with protein, minerals and vitamin A forms a simple and efficient diet for growing and finishing cattle. Rate of gain will be less than for high-concentrate diets, especially during late stages of finishing. However, gain per acre of corn will be greater when fed as silage than as grain