16,172 research outputs found
Results on Identified Hadrons from the PHENIX Experiment at RHIC
Recent results on identified hadrons from the PHENIX experiment in Au+Au
collisions at mid-rapidity at = 200 GeV are presented. The
centrality dependence of transverse momentum distributions and particle ratios
for identified charged hadrons are studied. The transverse flow velocity and
freeze-out temperature are extracted from spectra within the framework
of a hydrodynamic collective flow model. Two-particle HBT correlations for
charged pions are measured in different centrality selections for a broad range
of transverse momentum of the pair. Results on elliptic flow measurements with
respect to the reaction plane for identified particles are also presented.Comment: 10 pages, 10 figures. Talk presented at Quark Matter 2002, Nantes,
France, July 18-24, 2002. To appear in the proceedings (Nucl. Phys. A
A Uniform Correlation between Synchrotron Luminosity and Doppler Factor in Gamma-ray Bursts and Blazars: hint of similar intrinsic luminosities?
We compile 23 Gamma-ray Bursts (GRBs) and 21 blazars with estimated Doppler
factors, and the Doppler factors of GRBs are estimated from their Lorentz
factors by assuming their jet viewing angles \theta->0 degree. Using the
conventional assumption that the prompt emission of GRBs is dominated by the
synchrotron radiation, we calculate the synchrotron luminosity of GRBs from
their total isotropic energy and burst duration. Intriguingly, we discover a
uniform correlation between the synchrotron luminosity and Doppler factor,
L_syn \propto D^3.1, for GRBs and blazars, which suggests that they may share
some similar jet physics. One possible reason is that GRBs and blazars have,
more or less, similar intrinsic synchrotron luminosities and both of them are
strongly enhanced by the beaming effect. After Doppler and redshift-correction,
we find that the intrinsic peak energy of the GRBs ranges from 0.1 to 3 keV
with a typical value of 1 keV. We further correct the beaming effect for the
observed luminosity of GRBs and find that there exists a positive correlation
between the intrinsic synchrotron luminosity and peak energy for GRBs, which is
similar to that of blazars. Our results suggest that both the intrinsic
positive correlation and the beaming effect may be responsible for the observed
tight correlation between the isotropic energy and the peak energy in GRBs (so
called "Amati" relation).Comment: Accepted by ApJ Letter, part of discussion is improved and main
conclusion is unchange
Tidal Evolution of a Secularly Interacting Planetary System
In a multi-planet system, a gradual change in one planet's semi-major axis
will affect the eccentricities of all the planets, as angular momentum is
distributed via secular interactions. If tidal dissipation in the planet is the
cause of the change in semi-major axis, it also damps that planet's
eccentricity, which in turn also contributes to the evolution of all the
eccentricities. Formulae quantifying the combined effects on the whole system
due to semi-major axis changes, as well as eccentricity damping, are derived
here for a two-planet system. The CoRoT 7 system is considered as an example.Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal, 17 pages,
including 1 figur
\u3ci\u3eEnvironmental Connections: The Interactions Between the Work Environment and Green Spaces\u3c/i\u3e
Effects of distributed roughness on crossflow instability through generalized resonance mechanisms
Experiments have shown that micron-sized distributed surface roughness can significantly promote transition in a three-dimensional boundary layer dominated by crossflow instability. This sensitive effect has not yet been fully explained physically and mathematically. Past studies focused on surface roughness exciting crossflow vortices and/or changing the local stability characteristics. The present paper seeks possible additional mechanisms by investigating the effects of distributed surface roughness on crossflow instability through resonant interactions with eigenmodes. A key observation is that the perturbation induced by roughness with specific wavenumbers can interact with two eigenmodes (travelling and stationary vortices) through triadic resonance, or interact with one eigenmode (stationary vortices) through Bragg scattering. Unlike the usual triadic resonance of neutral, or nearly neutral, eigenmodes, the present triadic resonance can take place among modes with growth rates, provided that these are equal; unlike the usual Bragg scattering involving neutral waves, crossflow stationary vortices can also be unstable. For these amplifying waves, the generalized triadic resonance and Bragg scattering are put forward, and the resulting corrections to the growth rates are derived by a multiple-scale method. The analysis is extended to the case where up to four crossflow vortices interact with each other in the presence of suitable roughness components. The numerical results for Falkner–Skan–Cooke boundary layers show that roughness with a small height (a few percent of the local boundary-layer thickness) can change growth rates substantially (by a more-or-less amount). This sensitive effect is attributed to two facts: (i) the resonant nature of the triadic interaction and Bragg scattering, which makes the correction to the growth rate proportional to the roughness height, and (ii) the wavenumbers of the roughness component required for the resonance are close to those of the neutral stationary crossflow modes, as a result of which a small roughness can generate a large response. Another important effect of roughness is that its presence renders the participating eigenmodes, which are otherwise independent, fully coupled. Our theoretical results suggest that micron-sized distributed surface roughness influences significantly both the amplification and spectral composition of crossflow vortices
Secular Chaos and the Production of Hot Jupiters
In a planetary system with two or more well-spaced, eccentric, inclined
planets, secular interactions may lead to chaos. The innermost planet may
gradually become very eccentric and/or inclined, as a result of the secular
degrees of freedom drifting towards equipartition of angular momentum deficit.
Secular chaos is known to be responsible for the eventual destabilization of
Mercury in our own Solar System. Here we focus on systems with three giant
planets. We characterize the secular chaos and demonstrate the criterion for it
to occur, but leave a detailed understanding of secular chaos to a companion
paper (Lithwick & Wu, 2010). After an extended period of eccentricity
diffusion, the inner planet's pericentre can approach the star to within a few
stellar radii. Strong tidal interactions and ensuing tidal dissipation extracts
orbital energy from the planet and pulls it inward, creating a hot Jupiter. In
contrast to other proposed channels for the production of hot Jupiters, such a
scenario (which we term "secular migration") explains a range of observations:
the pile-up of hot Jupiters at 3-day orbital periods, the fact that hot
Jupiters are in general less massive than other RV planets, that they may have
misaligned inclinations with respect to stellar spin, and that they have few
easily detectable companions (but may have giant companions in distant orbits).
Secular migration can also explain close-in planets as low in mass as Neptune;
and an aborted secular migration can explain the "warm Jupiters" at
intermediate distances. In addition, the frequency of hot Jupiters formed via
secular migration increases with stellar age. We further suggest that secular
chaos may be responsible for the observed eccentricities of giant planets at
larger distances, and that these planets could exhibit significant spin-orbit
misalignment.Comment: 14 pages, submitted to Ap
Specimen dimensions influence the measurement of material properties in tendon fascicles
Stress, strain and modulus are regularly used to characterize material properties of tissue samples. However, when comparing results from different studies it is evident the reported material properties, particularly failure strains, vary hugely. The aim of our study was to characterize how and why specimen length and cross-sectional area (CSA) appear to influence failure stress, strain and modulus in fascicles from two functionally different tendons. Fascicles were dissected from five rat tails and five bovine foot extensors, their diameters determined by a laser micrometer, and loaded to failure at a range of grip-to-grip lengths. Strain to failure significantly decreased with increasing in specimen length in both rat and bovine fascicles, while modulus increased. Specimen length did not influence failure stress in rat tail fascicles, although in bovine fascicles it was significantly lower in the longer 40 mm specimens compared to 5 and 10 mm specimens. The variations in failure strain and modulus with sample length could be predominantly explained by end-effects. However, it was also evident that strain fields along the sample length were highly variable and notably larger towards the ends of the sample than the mid-section even at distances in excess of 5 mm from the gripping points. Failure strain, stress and modulus correlated significantly with CSA at certain specimen lengths. Our findings have implications for the mechanical testing of tendon tissue: while it is not always possible to control for fascicle length and/or CSA, these parameters have to be taken into account when comparing samples of different dimensions
- …