Design guidelines for audio presentation of graphs and tables

Audio can be used to make visualisations accessible to blind and visually impaired people. The MultiVis Project has carried out research into suitable methods for presenting graphs and tables to blind people through the use of both speech and non-speech audio. This paper presents guidelines extracted from this research. These guidelines will enable designers to implement visualisation systems for blind and visually impaired users, and will provide a framework for researchers wishing to investigate the audio presentation of more complex visualisations

A kinetic study on the oleaginous yeast, Candida curvata D

Candida curvata D was grown in nitrogen-limited broth using both batch and single-stage continuous fermentations. In batch fermentations, the concentrations of cellular nitrogen, nonlipid biomass, and lipid increased more or less sequentially. The concentration of nonlipid biomass was proportional to the concentration of cells, and both concentrations seemed limited by the available nitrogen. A constant ratio of lipid to nonlipid biomass was observed in the batch fermentations during the initial period when most of the accumulation of nonlipid biomass occurred. The percentage of cellular nitrogen in the nonlipid biomass changed dramatically over the course of the batch fermentation and was greatly affected by the dilution rate in steady-state continuous fermentations. Lactose was used both for the accumulation of nonnitrogenous nonlipid biomass and lipid;The specific rates of change in various substrates and products were calculated with respect to the cellular nitrogen concentration. The results for batch fermentations indicated that there was a constant specific rate of lactose uptake. The specific rate of lipid accumulation which increased during the fermentation was accompanied by a parallel decrease in the specific rate of conversion of lactose to nonnitrogenous nonlipid biomass. During the later stage of the fermentation when most of the lipid accumulation occurred, a constant and maximum specific rate of lipid accumulation was observed. This observation was consistent with the hypothesis that a single enzyme step controls the rate of lipid accumulation;The batch and continuous fermentations were satisfactorily described by a kinetic model in which the specific rates of accumulation or uptake were expressed with respect to the cellular nitrogen concentration. The sets of parameters required to describe the batch fermentations and continuous fermentations were significantly different. Estimates from the model showed that a single-stage continuous fermentation required a shorter residence time for the utilization of lactose than a batch fermentation

The nursery school teacher's part in the development of vocabulary

Thesis (M.A.)--Boston University, 1945. This item was digitized by the Internet Archive

A New Post-Nasal Syringe.

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Calculating the random guess scores of multiple-response and matching test items

For achievement tests, the guess score is often used as a baseline for the lowest possible grade for score to grade transformations and setting the cut scores. For test item types such as multiple-response, matching and drag-and-drop, determin-ing the guess score requires more elaborate calculations than the more straight-forward calculation of the guess score for True-False and multiple-choice test item formats. For various variants of multiple-response and matching types with respect to dichotomous and polytomous scoring, methods for determining the guess score are presented and illustrated with practical applications. The implica-tions for theory and practice are discussed

Somatosympathetic Vasoconstrictor Reflexes in Human Spinal Cord Injury: Responses to Innocuous and Noxious Sensory Stimulation below Lesion

It is known that the sudden increases in blood pressure associated with autonomic dysreflexia in people with spinal cord injury (SCI) are due to a spinally mediated reflex activation of sympathetic vasoconstrictor neurons supplying skeletal muscle and the gut. Apart from visceral inputs, such as those originating from a distended bladder, there is a prevailing opinion that autonomic dysreflexia can be triggered by noxious stimulation below the lesion. However, do noxious inputs really cause an increase in blood pressure in SCI? Using microelectrodes inserted into a peripheral nerve to record sympathetic nerve activity we had previously shown that selective stimulation of small-diameter afferents in muscle or skin, induced by bolus injection of hypertonic saline into the tibialis anterior muscle or the overlying skin, evokes a sustained increase in muscle sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure and a transient increase in skin sympathetic nerve activity and decrease in skin blood flow in able-bodied subjects. We postulated that these sympathetic responses would be exaggerated in SCI, with a purely noxious stimulus causing long-lasting increases in blood pressure and long-lasting decreases in skin blood flow. Surprisingly, though, we found that intramuscular or subcutaneous injection of hypertonic saline into the leg caused negligible changes in these parameters. Conversely, weak electrical stimulation over the abdominal wall, which in able-bodied subjects is not painful and activates large-diameter cutaneous afferents, caused a marked increase in blood pressure in SCI but not in able-bodied subjects. This suggests that it is activation of large-diameter somatic afferents, not small-diameter afferents, that triggers increases in sympathetic outflow in SCI. Whether the responses to activation of large-diameter afferents reflect plastic changes in the spinal cord in SCI is unknown

It Must Be Love

Photograph of Nick Lucas holding guitar; Illustration of woman sitting and holding picture of man by box of flowers and letters; Striped backgroundhttps://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/cht-sheet-music/7758/thumbnail.jp