Update of the quarterly model of the Bank of Spain

This paper presents the update of the macroeconometric model used at the Bank of Spain for medium term macroeconomic forecasting of the Spanish economy, as well as for performing policy simulations. The many changes that the Spanish economy has experimented in the last years, and the new system of national accounts published by the national statistical office, suggested that a reestimation of the model was due. This paper presents such reestimation with newer data (up to the end of 2005), and includes some modifications that were deemed necessary in certain equations. The quarterly model of the Bank of Spain keeps a similar structure to its previous versionit is basically a demand-driven model. The Spanish economy is found, in general, more sensitive than in previous periods to changes in exogenous variables, especially to the financial conditions. The new model also shows changes in demographic trends, and presents an external sector less sensitive to changes in price-competitivenes

Empty Urbanism: the bursting of the Spanish housing bubble

The depth of the Spanish housing crisis manifests itself in the collapse of construction activity and in the amount of housing and land stocks. The geography of the crisis shows its widespread nature, and the intensity of the previous bubble explains spatial differences. Resulting from this collapse are some problematic areas of 'empty urbanism'. An enormous land bubble, emerging from the peculiar Spanish urban development model, was a key factor in the impacts - caused by the crisis - on the territory and land-use plans. The crisis has demonstrated the unsustainability of this and the urgency of change in the existing land-use plans

Actualización del modelo trimestral del Banco de España

Este trabajo presenta una actualización del modelo macroeconométrico empleado en el Banco de España en la elaboración de previsiones macroeconómicas a medio plazo (2-3 años) así como en la simulación de distintos escenarios de políticas económicas. Frente a la versión anterior del modelo, que se estimó con datos hasta 1998, los numerosos cambios que ha experimentado la economía española en los últimos años, y las nuevas estimaciones de contabilidad nacional en base 2000 realizadas por el INE aconsejaban la reestimación de este modelo. Este trabajo presenta dicha reestimación con datos actualizados (hasta final de 2005), además de incluir algunas modificaciones que parecían necesarias en determinadas ecuaciones. El Modelo Trimestral del Banco de España mantiene una estructura muy similar a la de su versión anterior, pues sigue siendo fundamentalmente un modelo de demanda. La economía española muestra ahora, en general, una mayor sensibilidad a los cambios en las variables exógenas, en especial a las condiciones financieras. El nuevo modelo incorpora, además, el impacto de los cambios demográficos y presenta un sector exterior menos sensible a cambios en la competitividad-preci

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1.

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field

Anales de Edafología y Fisiología Vegetal Tomo 9 Número 5

Gutierrez Ríos, E y Medina Ortega, A. Mª / Procesos de formación de arcilla en Sierra Nevada.-- Aleixandre, V. y García Verduch, A. / Relaciones entre algunas propiedades físicas, químicas y técnicas de las arcillas (I).-- Burriel, E.; Guerra, A. y Galiano, F.: Ensayos sobre la fertilidad de los suelos españoles.-- Gillis, J.; Hoste, J. y Fernández-Caldas, E. / La cuproína como reactivo para la determinación espectrofotométrica de trazas de cobre en los vegetalesINFORMACIÓN IV Congreso Internacional de Ciencia del Suelo.-- Notas: Comunicaciones del Instituto a la reunión de Zaragoza.-- Conferencias del Profesor AlbaredaBIBLIOGRAFÍA C. R. Metcalfe y L. Chalk: Anatomy of the Dicoti!edons.-- A. W. GAlston: PhototropismPeer reviewe