Physik verhält sich zu Ingenieurwissenschaften wie Psychologische Grundlagenforschung zu »Psychoklempnerei«? Eine interdisziplinäre Replik und weiterführende Fragen zur gegenwärtigen Psychologie

Es wird Stellung genommen zu Versuchen, die Psychologie am Vorbild der Physik zu orientieren, insbesondere das Verhältnis dieser Disziplin zu den Ingenieurwissenschaften heranzuziehen, um eine Trennung von psychologischer Grundlagenforschung und Anwendungsfächern zu propagieren. Zunächst galt es, die realen Beziehungen zwischen Physik und Ingenieurwissenschaften darzustellen, um zu zeigen, dass von daher keine Veranlassung zu der genannten Trennung besteht. Gerade deshalb lassen sich aber auch sehr globale Gemeinsamkeiten dieser Disziplinen mit der Psychologie feststellen, wenn unter epistemologischen Aspekten systemtheoretisch-ganzheitliche Perspektiven beachtet werden. Sobald man jedoch die Inhalte der jeweiligen Forschungsgegenstände betrachtet, zeigt sich, dass Vergleiche der Wissenschaft vom Verhalten und Erleben mit Physik (und Ingenieurwissenschaft) verfehlt sind.Physical science is to engineering as basic research in psychology is to »psychological plumbing«? An interdisciplinary counter-plea and some following questions concerning contemporary psychologyThe authors express their opinion on the endeavour of aligning psychology after the model of physics, especially to bring into play the relation of the latter with engineering, in order to propagate a separation of pure basic psychological science and applied disciplines. In the first instance the intention was to describe the real connexions between physics and engineering and hence there is no cause for the separation mentioned. For this very reason it is also possible to state some similarities between these disciplines and psychology. This is true if one considers general systemtheoretical or holistic perspectives from an epistemological view. But whenever the concrete subjects of research are under examination then it is becoming evident that there is no sense in comparisons between psychology and physics (including engineering)

In-situ real-time monitoring of spurious modes in HE11_{11} transmission lines using multi-hole couplers in miter bends

Transmission of high-power millimeter waves for ECRH is often realised with oversized corrugated circular waveguides. Coupling from the gyrotron source to the waveguide is typically done via matching mirrors in free space. Small alignment errors of the system lead to the excitation of higher-order modes inside the waveguide beside the main transmission mode HE$_{11}$. Tose modes have comparably higher losses and can in worst case result in local fields exceeding the breakdown limit of the medium inside the waveguide. For alignment control over the whole pulse duration of the gyrotron, a set of hole-array couplers placed into a miter bend mirror probes the field inside the waveguide. The arrays are designed to detect the marker modes for beam offset and tilt (LP$^{(e=0)}$$_{11}$) as well as for beam waist mismatch (LP$_{02}$). In addition, a main mode coupler sensitive mostly for the HE$_{11}$ content is used as a power monitor. By maximizing the signal of the power monitor and minimizing the content of marker modes, a first-order optimization of the coupling from free space to the waveguide can be achieved. Signal processing of the 140 GHz information is done at kHz range after downmixing, using a frequency shifted part of the power monitor signal. As the measurement system is placed in a miter bend mirror, it can also be easily installed at various locations along the transmission line to check for possible misalignments of the waveguide connections between miter bends. Simulation and low power experimental results will be shown

Completion of the 8 MW Multi-Frequency ECRH System at ASDEX Upgrade

Over the last 15 years, the Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ECRH) system at the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak has been upgraded from a 2 MW, 2 s, 140 GHz system to an 8 MW, 10 s, dual frequency system (105/140 GHz). Eight gyrotrons were in routine operation during the current experimental campaign. All gyrotrons are step-tunable operating at 105 and 140 GHz with a maximum output power of about 1 MW and 10 s pulse length. The system includes 8 transmission lines, mainly consisting of oversized corrugated waveguides (I.D. = 87 mm) with overall lengths between 50 and 70 meters including quasi-optical sections at both ends. Further improvements of the transmission lines with respect to power handling and reliability are underway

Exploring fusion-reactor physics with high-power electron cyclotron resonance heating on ASDEX Upgrade

The electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) system of the ASDEX Upgrade tokomak has been upgraded over the last 15 years from a 2MW, 2 s, 140 GHz system to an 8MW, 10 s, dual frequency system (105/140 GHz). The power exceeds the L/H power threshold by at least a factor of two, even for high densities, and roughly equals the installed ion cyclotron range of frequencies power. The power of both wave heating systems together (>10MW in the plasma) is about half of the available neutral beam injection (NBI) power, allowing significant variations of torque input, of the shape of the heating profile and of Qe/Qi, even at high heating power. For applications at a low magnetic field an X3-heating scheme is routinely in use. Such a scenario is now also forseen for ITER to study the first H-modes at one third of the full field. This versatile system allows one to address important issues fundamental to a fusion reactor: H-mode operation with dominant electron heating, accessing low collisionalities in full metal devices (also related to suppression of edge localized modes with resonant magnetic perturbations), influence of Te/Ti and rotational shear on transport, and dependence of impurity accumulation on heating profiles. Experiments on all these subjects have been carried out over the last few years and will be presented in this contribution. The adjustable localized current drive capability of ECRH allows dedicated variations of the shape of the q-profile and the study of their influence on non-inductive tokamak operation (so far at q$_{95}$>5.3). The ultimate goal of these experiments is to use the experimental findings to refine theoretical models such that they allow a reliable design of operational schemes for reactor size devices. In this respect, recent studies comparing a quasi-linear approach (TGLF) with fully non-linear modeling (GENE) of non-inductive high-beta plasmas will be reported

Summary of papers on technology

The contributions on technology are summarized

Physik verhält sich zu Ingenieurwissenschaften wie Psychologische Grundlagenforschung zu "Psychoklempnerei"? : Eine interdisziplinäre Replik und weiterführende Fragen zur gegenwärtigen Psychologie

Es wird Stellung genommen zu Versuchen, die Psychologie am Vorbild der Physik zu orientieren, insbesondere das Verhältnis dieser Disziplin zu den Ingenieurwissenschaften heranzuziehen, um eine Trennung von psychologischer Grundlagenforschung und Anwendungsfächern zu propagieren. Zunächst galt es, die realen Beziehungen zwischen Physik und Ingenieurwisssenschaften darzustellen, um zu zeigen, dass von daher keine Veranlassung zu der genannnten Trennung besteht. Gerade deshalb lassen sich aber auch sehr globale Gemeinsamkeiten dieser Disziplinen mit der Psychologie feststellen, wenn unter epistemologischen Aspekten systemtheoretisch-ganzheitliche Perspektiven beachtet werden. Sobald man jedoch die Inhalte der jeweiligen Forschungsgegenstände betrachtet, zeigt sich, dass Vergleiche der Wissenschaft vom Verhalten und Erleben mit Physik (und Ingenieurwissenschaft) verfehlt sind

Calculations for the optical system for the first ITER plasma

A dedicated optical system is designed for the breakdown of the first ITER plasma, when the machine will not be equipped with the equatorial ECRH-launcher. Seven beams from the upper launcher will be transmitted via several in-vessel mirrors through the resonance layer to a beam-dump. The whole system was simulated with the PROFUSION package to obtain the beam parameters, estimate spill-over effects and determine the required polarization in the launcher in order to have X-mode polarization in the resonance