Ireland: Savior of Civilization?

One of the most important aspects of early medieval Ireland is the advent of Christianity on the island, accompanied by education and literacy. As an island removed from the Roman Empire, Ireland developed uniquely from the rest of western continental and insular Europe. Amongst those developments was that Ireland did not have a literary tradition, or more specifically a Latin literary tradition, until Christianity was introduced to the Irish. Once introduced to the island through Christianity, however, the early Irish mastered the language with astonishing pace

Should Banks Be Permitted to Engage in Real Estate Brokerage and Management Services: How the Current Debate Demonstrates the Inadequacies of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act

One of the first major efforts by regulators to expand the list of permissible activities under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act is to allow financial holding companies and financial subsidiaries of nationally chartered banks to engage in real estate brokerage and real estate management services. Part II of this Note will provide a brief history of the financial service regulations that preceded the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act. Part III will discuss the legislative history of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, provide a brief overview of the Act, and detail the provision which may allow financial holding companies to engage in real estate brokerage and management activities. Part IV of this Note will discuss the pending legislation on this issue, including the proposed rule requesting public comment and the current bills in the House and Senate against allowing banks to engage in the proposed activities. Part V will detail the arguments on both sides of the issue, primarily from the perspective of industry groups. Finally, Part VI of this Note will explain how the current proposal to permit banks to engage in real estate brokerage and management activities highlights the inadequacies of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act

Should Banks Be Permitted to Engage in Real Estate Brokerage and Management Services: How the Current Debate Demonstrates the Inadequacies of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act

One of the first major efforts by regulators to expand the list of permissible activities under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act is to allow financial holding companies and financial subsidiaries of nationally chartered banks to engage in real estate brokerage and real estate management services. Part II of this Note will provide a brief history of the financial service regulations that preceded the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act. Part III will discuss the legislative history of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, provide a brief overview of the Act, and detail the provision which may allow financial holding companies to engage in real estate brokerage and management activities. Part IV of this Note will discuss the pending legislation on this issue, including the proposed rule requesting public comment and the current bills in the House and Senate against allowing banks to engage in the proposed activities. Part V will detail the arguments on both sides of the issue, primarily from the perspective of industry groups. Finally, Part VI of this Note will explain how the current proposal to permit banks to engage in real estate brokerage and management activities highlights the inadequacies of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act

The Effects of Regulations on Private School Choice Program Participation: Experimental Evidence from California and New York

Although private school voucher programs provide subsidies to students for tuition and other education-related costs, private school leaders weigh program participation against any associated regulatory costs. The higher the regulatory costs of participation, the less likely a private school is to participate in a school voucher program. Since we do not know with certainty which regulations will be viewed by school leaders as more or less costly, we explore whether specific regulations that are common to private school choice programs do or do not deter likely voucher program participation.We use surveys to randomly assign different regulations to 4,825 private school leaders in the states of California and New York and ask them whether or not they would participate in a new private school choice program during the following school year. Relative to no regulations, our most conservative models find that open-enrollment mandates reduce the likelihood that private school leaders are certain to participate in a hypothetical choice program by about 19 percentage points, or 60 percent. State standardized testing requirements reduce the likelihood that private school leaders are certain to participate by 9 percentage points, or 29 percent. We find no evidence to suggest that the prohibition of copayment or nationally norm-referenced testing requirements affect the overall willingness to participate in a school choice program

Evolutionary relationships in Panicoid grasses based on plastome phylogenomics (Panicoideae; Poaceae)

Background: Panicoideae are the second largest subfamily in Poaceae (grass family), with 212 genera and approximately 3316 species. Previous studies have begun to reveal relationships within the subfamily, but largely lack resolution and/or robust support for certain tribal and subtribal groups. This study aims to resolve these relationships, as well as characterize a putative mitochondrial insert in one linage. Results: 35 newly sequenced Panicoideae plastomes were combined in a phylogenomic study with 37 other species: 15 Panicoideae and 22 from outgroups. A robust Panicoideae topology largely congruent with previous studies was obtained, but with some incongruences with previously reported subtribal relationships. A mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) to plastid DNA (ptDNA) transfer was discovered in the Paspalum lineage. Conclusions: The phylogenomic analysis returned a topology that largely supports previous studies. Five previously recognized subtribes appear on the topology to be non-monophyletic. Additionally, evidence for mtDNA to ptDNA transfer was identified in both Paspalum fimbriatum and P. dilatatum, and suggests a single rare event that took place in a common progenitor. Finally, the framework from this study can guide larger whole plastome sampling to discern the relationships in Cyperochloeae, Steyermarkochloeae, Gynerieae, and other incertae sedis taxa that are weakly supported or unresolved.Fil: Burke, Sean V.. Northern Illinois University; Estados UnidosFil: Wysocki, William P.. Northern Illinois University; Estados UnidosFil: Zuloaga, Fernando Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; ArgentinaFil: Craine, Joseph M.. Jonah Ventures; Estados UnidosFil: Pires, J. Chris. University of Missouri; Estados UnidosFil: Edger, Patrick P.. Michigan State University; Estados UnidosFil: Mayfield Jones, Dustin. Donald Danforth Plant Science Center; Estados UnidosFil: Clark, Lynn G.. Iowa State University; Estados UnidosFil: Kelchner, Scot A.. University of Idaho; Estados UnidosFil: Duvall, Melvin R.. Northern Illinois University; Estados Unido

Effects of Zolpidem CR on Sleep and Nocturnal Ventilation in Patients with Heart Failure

Study Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of zolpidem CR (controlled release) on sleep and nocturnal ventilation in patients with congestive heart failure, a population at risk for insomnia and poor sleep quality. Methods: Fifteen patients with heart failure (ischemic cardiomyopathy) and ejection fraction <= 45% in NYHA functional class I or II were evaluated with full polysomnography in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial. Patients underwent three tests: (1) baseline polysomnography and, after randomization, (2) a new test with zolpidem CR 12.5 mg or placebo, and after 1 week, (3) a new polysomnography, crossing the "medication" used. Results: A 16% increase in total sleep time was found with the use of zolpidem CR and an increase in stage 3 NREM sleep (slow wave sleep). The apnea hypopnea index (AHI) did not change with zolpidem CR even after controlling for supine positionhowever, a slight but significant decrease was observed in lowest oxygen saturation compared with baseline and placebo conditions (83.60 +/- 5.5184.43 +/- 3.8080.71 +/- 5.18, P = 0.002). Conclusion: Zolpidem CR improved sleep structure in patients with heart failure, did not change apnea hypopnea index, but slightly decreased lowest oxygen saturation.Associacao Fundo Incentivo a Pesquisa (AFIP), Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Sleep Div, Dept Psychobiol, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Div Cardiol, Dept Med, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Sleep Div, Dept Psychobiol, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Div Cardiol, Dept Med, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Student Readiness of Colleges: A Qualitative Study

Using the framework of belonging, this qualitative study explores how one upper midwestern college engages in student-readiness and explores the disconnects that create barriers to student-readiness. The study investigates ‘student readiness’ broadly through the literature and more specifically by narrowing efforts to a detailed examination of one college by conducting interviews, observations, and collecting artifacts. The results of the study revealed that the college addressed student readiness differently depending on perspectives of staff/faculty, administration, and students. Three themes emerged after coding and examination of the data: supports, community and disconnect