An extensive study on iterative solver resilience : characterization, detection and prediction

Soft errors caused by transient bit flips have the potential to significantly impactan applicalion's behavior. This has motivated the design of an array of techniques to detect, isolate, and correct soft errors using microarchitectural, architectural, compilation­based, or application-level techniques to minimize their impact on the executing application. The first step toward the design of good error detection/correction techniques involves an understanding of an application's vulnerability to soft errors. This work focuses on silent data e orruption's effects on iterative solvers and efforts to mitigate those effects. In this thesis, we first present the first comprehensive characterizalion of !he impact of soft errors on !he convergen ce characteris tics of six iterative methods using application-level fault injection. We analyze the impact of soft errors In terms of the type of error (single-vs multi-bit), the distribution and location of bits affected, the data structure and statement impacted, and varialion with time. We create a public access database with more than 1.5 million fault injection results. We then analyze the performance of soft error detection mechanisms and present the comparalive results. Molivated by our observations, we evaluate a machine-learning based detector that takes as features that are the runtime features observed by the individual detectors to arrive al their conclusions. Our evalualion demonstrates improved results over individual detectors. We then propase amachine learning based method to predict a program's error behavior to make fault injection studies more efficient. We demonstrate this method on asse ssing the performance of soft error detectors. We show that our method maintains 84% accuracy on average with up to 53% less cost. We also show, once a model is trained further fault injection tests would cost 10% of the expected full fault injection runs.“Soft errors” causados por cambios de estado transitorios en bits, tienen el potencial de impactar significativamente el comportamiento de una aplicación. Esto, ha motivado el diseño de una variedad de técnicas para detectar, aislar y corregir soft errors aplicadas a micro-arquitecturas, arquitecturas, tiempo de compilación y a nivel de aplicación para minimizar su impacto en la ejecución de una aplicación. El primer paso para diseñar una buna técnica de detección/corrección de errores, implica el conocimiento de las vulnerabilidades de la aplicación ante posibles soft errors. Este trabajo se centra en los efectos de la corrupción silenciosa de datos en soluciones iterativas, así como en los esfuerzos para mitigar esos efectos. En esta tesis, primeramente, presentamos la primera caracterización extensiva del impacto de soft errors sobre las características convergentes de seis métodos iterativos usando inyección de fallos a nivel de aplicación. Analizamos el impacto de los soft errors en términos del tipo de error (único vs múltiples-bits), de la distribución y posición de los bits afectados, las estructuras de datos, instrucciones afectadas y de las variaciones en el tiempo. Creamos una base de datos pública con más de 1.5 millones de resultados de inyección de fallos. Después, analizamos el desempeño de mecanismos de detección de soft errors actuales y presentamos los resultados de su comparación. Motivados por las observaciones de los resultados presentados, evaluamos un detector de soft errors basado en técnicas de machine learning que toma como entrada las características observadas en el tiempo de ejecución individual de los detectores anteriores al llegar a su conclusión. La evaluación de los resultados obtenidos muestra una mejora por sobre los detectores individualmente. Basados en estos resultados propusimos un método basado en machine learning para predecir el comportamiento de los errores en un programa con el fin de hacer el estudio de inyección de errores mas eficiente. Presentamos este método para evaluar el rendimiento de los detectores de soft errors. Demostramos que nuestro método mantiene una precisión del 84% en promedio con hasta un 53% de mejora en el tiempo de ejecución. También mostramos que una vez que un modelo ha sido entrenado, las pruebas de inyección de errores siguientes costarían 10% del tiempo esperado de ejecución.Postprint (published version

Selective removal to soft dentine or selective removal to firm dentine for deep caries lesions ın permanent posterior teeth: a randomized controlled clinical trial up to 2 years

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this randomized clinical trial was to compare selective removal to soft dentin (SRSD) and selective removal to firm dentin (SRFD) in permanent teeth. The primary outcome of the study was to compare the success rates of the two caries removal techniques. The secondary outcome of the study was to investigate whether or not calcium silicate-based material (CS) had an effect on the success rate of the treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between November 2018 and March 2020, patients with deep caries lesions were invited to participate in the study. Posterior teeth (N = 165) with primary caries lesion radiographically extending ¾ of dentin and positive response to cold test were randomly selected. A total of 134 participants meeting the inclusion criteria were randomized to SRSD and SRFD (control) groups. After the caries removal procedure, teeth with exposed pulps were assigned to the pulp exposure (PE) group, and the SRSD group was further divided into test 1 (with CS) and test 2 groups (without CS). Success was defined as a positive response to the cold test, a negative response to percussion, the absence of pain, an abscess, a fistula, and periapical alterations. Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact tests, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and the log-rank tests were performed for comparisons between groups. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was found between the success rates of test 1 (100%) and test 2 (93.5%) groups, whereas the proportion of success in control (82.4%) and PE (84%) groups were significantly lower when compared with test groups (p = 0.024; p < 0.05) at the end of 2-year follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: SRSD had a higher success rate when compared to SRFD to treat deep carious lesions after 2 years of follow-up. The use of CS material after SRSD as a liner had no effect on the treatment outcome. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: SRSD with good coronal sealing might be recommended without CS application for the treatment of deep caries lesions in permanent teeth

Selective removal to soft dentine or selective removal to firm dentine for deep caries lesions in permanent posterior teeth: a randomized controlled clinical trial up to 2 years

ObjectivesThe aim of this randomized clinical trial was to compare selective removal to soft dentin (SRSD) and selective removal to firm dentin (SRFD) in permanent teeth. The primary outcome of the study was to compare the success rates of the two caries removal techniques. The secondary outcome of the study was to investigate whether or not calcium silicate-based material (CS) had an effect on the success rate of the treatment. Materials and methodsBetween November 2018 and March 2020, patients with deep caries lesions were invited to participate in the study. Posterior teeth (N = 165) with primary caries lesion radiographically extending 3/4 of dentin and positive response to cold test were randomly selected. A total of 134 participants meeting the inclusion criteria were randomized to SRSD and SRFD (control) groups. After the caries removal procedure, teeth with exposed pulps were assigned to the pulp exposure (PE) group, and the SRSD group was further divided into test 1 (with CS) and test 2 groups (without CS). Success was defined as a positive response to the cold test, a negative response to percussion, the absence of pain, an abscess, a fistula, and periapical alterations. Fisher-Freeman-Halton exact tests, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, and the log-rank tests were performed for comparisons between groups. ResultsNo statistically significant difference was found between the success rates of test 1 (100%) and test 2 (93.5%) groups, whereas the proportion of success in control (82.4%) and PE (84%) groups were significantly lower when compared with test groups (p = 0.024; p < 0.05) at the end of 2-year follow-up. ConclusionsSRSD had a higher success rate when compared to SRFD to treat deep carious lesions after 2 years of follow-up. The use of CS material after SRSD as a liner had no effect on the treatment outcome. Trial registrationClinical trial registration number NCT04052685 (08/09/2019).Istanbul Medipol Universit

Nanotechnology and nano-propolis in animal production and health: an overview

Nanotechnology is the science and technology of small and specific things that are <100 nm in size. Because of the size of nanomaterials, new changes in their chemical and physical structure may occur, and indicate higher reactivity and solubility. Many of nanotechnology applications in food and agricultural production are being developed in research and development settings. Global challenges are related to animal production, including environmental sustainability, human health, disease control, and food security. Nanotechnology holds promise for animal health, veterinary medicine, and some areas of animal production. Nanotechnology has had application in several other sectors, and its application in food and feed science is a recent case. Especially, natural nano antimicrobials obtained from different techniques such as nano-propolis are useful to veterinary medicine in terms of health, performance, and reliable food production. Nano-propolis is a nano-sized (1–100 nm in diameter) propolis particles tied together to make it more effective without changing its properties by changing the size of propolis by different methods. Propolis have many advantages such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer and antifungal activity, etc. The consumption of free form of propolis restricts these benefits due to low bioavailability, low solubility, low absorption, and untargeted release. Different nanoencapsulation technologies are used to obtain nano-propolis. Nano-propolis are more easily absorbed by the body because they have a size smaller. Nano-propolis is also more effective than propolis in terms of antibacterial and antifungal activity. This review focuses on some recent work concerning the uses of nanotechnology in animal health or human health using animal models, and the effectiveness of nanotechnology on natural supplements such as propolis used in animal nutrition and animal health

Ground-truth prediction to accelerate soft-error impact analysis for iterative methods

Understanding the impact of soft errors on applications can be expensive. Often, it requires an extensive error injection campaign involving numerous runs of the full application in the presence of errors. In this paper, we present a novel approach to arriving at the ground truth-the true impact of an error on the final output-for iterative methods by observing a small number of iterations to learn deviations between normal and error-impacted execution. We develop a machine learning based predictor for three iterative methods to generate ground-truth results without running them to completion for every error injected. We demonstrate that this approach achieves greater accuracy than alternative prediction strategies, including three existing soft error detection strategies. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the ground truth prediction model in evaluating vulnerability and the effectiveness of soft error detection strategies in the context of iterative methods.This material is based upon work supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Advanced Scientific Computing Research under Award Number 66905, program manager Lucy Nowell. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory is operated by Battelle for DOE under Contract DE-AC05-76RL01830.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft

Hydrogels in Regenerative Medicine

Polymer scaffolds have many various applications in the field of tissue engineering, drug delivery, and implantation. They are applied as dispensing devices for bioactive molecules and as three-dimensional (3D) structures that provide stimulants that organize cells and direct desired original tissue formation. Hydrogels are preferred scaffolding material because they are structurally similar to the extracellular matrix of many tissues, often processed under mild conditions, and can be delivered in a minimally invasive manner. Hydrogel materials formed a group of polymeric materials. The hydrophilic structure allows them to hold large amounts of water in their three-dimensional backbone. As a result, hydrogels are used as scaffolding material for drug and growth factor transmission, tissue engineering modifications, and many other applications. In this chapter, we describe the physical and chemical structure of hydrogels, side groups, cross-linkings, swelling properties, types of polymers and fabrication methods, and application fields

Gamma irradiation and the radiation shielding characteristics: for the lead oxide doped the crosslinked polystyrene-b-polyethyleneglycol block copolymers and the polystyrene-b-polyethyleneglycol-boron nitride nanocomposites

This work aimed to research the efficiency of gamma irradiation and shielding characteristics on the lead oxide (PbO) doped the crosslinked polystyrene-b-polyethyleneglycol (PS-b-PEG) block copolymers and polystyrene-b-polyethyleneglycol-boron nitride (PS-b-PEG-BN) nanocomposites materials. The crosslinked PS-b-PEG block copolymers and PS-b-PEG-BN nanocomposites mixed with different percentage rates of PbO were used to research gamma-ray shielding characteristics. The synthesis of the copolymer was done by emulsion polymerization methods. The characterization and morphological analyses of irradiated samples were explored handling with the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) methods. The gamma-rays that were emitted from the Eu-152 source were observed with a High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector system and examined with a GammaVision computer program. Our samples, including the different percentage rates of the PS-b-PEG (1000, 1500, 10,000), BN, and PbO, were irradiated in various gamma-ray photon energy regions (from 121.78 keV to 1408.01 keV). Then, Linear-Mass Attenuation Coefficients (LACs-MACs), Half-Tenth Value Layer (HVL), Mean Free Path (MFP), and Radiation Protection Efficiency (RPE) values of the samples were calculated. Via crosschecking the acquired data from samples with and without PbO and BN, it was observed that, if the different percentage rates by weight nano-powder of PbO and BN are added in the polymer mixture, it can be used as a convenient shielding material against gamma rays

Recent Advances in Health Biotechnology During Pandemic

The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which emerged in 2019, cut the epoch that will make profound fluctuates in the history of the world in social, economic, and scientific fields. Urgent needs in public health have brought with them innovative approaches, including diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. To exceed the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, various scientific authorities in the world have procreated advances in real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) based diagnostic tests, rapid diagnostic kits, the development of vaccines for immunization, and the purposing pharmaceuticals for treatment. Diagnosis, treatment, and immunization approaches put for- ward by scientific communities are cross-fed from the accrued knowledge of multidisciplinary sciences in health biotechnology. So much so that the pandemic, urgently prioritized in the world, is not only viral infections but also has been the pulsion in the development of novel approaches in many fields such as diagnosis, treatment, translational medicine, virology, mi- crobiology, immunology, functional nano- and bio-materials, bioinformatics, molecular biol- ogy, genetics, tissue engineering, biomedical devices, and artificial intelligence technologies. In this review, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the development of various scientific areas of health biotechnology are discussed

The effect of the fear of coronavirüs on burnout level of healthcare professioals working in intensive care units during pandemic

Bu çalışma bir üniversite hastanesindeki yoğun bakım ünitelerinde görev alan sağlık çalışanlarının Koronavirüs korkusu ve tükenmişlik düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiyi ve bu ilişkinin sosyodemografik, sağlık ve çalışma özelliklerine göre değişimlerini incelemek amacıyla yapılmış kesitsel ve tanımlayıcı tipte bir çalışmadır. Araştırma bir üniversite hastanesinin yoğun bakım ünitelerinde, araştırmaya katılmayı kabul eden 156 sağlık çalışanı (hemşire, hekim, sağlık teknisyeni ve hasta bakıcı) ile 15.03.2021- 31.05.2021 tarihleri arasında yapılmıştır. Araştırmada Tanıtıcı Bilgiler Formu, Koronavirüs-19 Korkusu Ölçeği ve Maslach Tükenmişlik Ölçeği araştırmaya katılmayı kabul eden gönüllülere yüz yüze uygulanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda Koronavirüs korkusu düzeyi arttıkça tükenmişlik düzeyi de artmaktadır (p=0,003). Aynı zamanda kadınların (p=0,005), yalnız yaşayanların (p=0,037) daha fazla Koronavirüs korkusu; hekimlerin (p=0,005), kronik hastalığı olanların (p=0,045) daha fazla tükenmişlik ve haftalık çalışma saati fazla olanların (p=0,032, p=0,000), dahili yoğun bakım ünitelerinde çalışanların (p=0,004, p=0,001) daha fazla hem Koronavirüs korkusu ve hem de tükenmişlik yaşadığı görülmüştür. İş yaşam kalitesi algısı ve genel sağlık durumu algısı kötüleştiğinde tükenmişlik düzeylerinin de arttığı (p=0,000, p=0,000), evde yaşayan kişi sayısı azaldıkça (p=0,015, p=0,0011) Koronavirüs korkusu ve tükenmişlik düzeylerinin arttığı belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen verilerin sağlık çalışanlarının iş ve yaşam koşullarının iyileştirmesinde kaynak olarak kullanılması ve daha büyük örneklem grubunda ileri çalışmalar önerilmektedir.This study is a cross-sectional and descriptive study conducted to examine the relationship between the fear of Coronavirus and burnout levels of healthcare professionals working in intensive care units in an university hospital, and the changes in this relationship according to sociodemographic, health and work characteristics. The research was conducted in the intensive care units of a university hospital between 15.03.2021 and 31.05.2021 with 156 health professionals (nurses, physicians, assistant health personnel) who agreed to participate in the research. In the research, Introductory Information Form, The Fear of Coronavirus-19 Scale and Maslach Burnout Scale were applied face to face to the individuals who agreed to participate in the study. As a result of the research; It was found that as the level of fear of Coronavirus increased, the level of burnout increased (p=0.003). At the same time, women (p=0.005) and those living alone (p=0.037) had more fear of Coronavirus; it was observed that there was more burnout in physicians (p=0.005) and those with chronic diseases (p=0.045). More fear of Coronavirus and burnout were seen in those who worked longer hours per week (p=0.032, p=0.000) and those working in internal intensive care units (p=0.004, p=0.001). It was determined that when the perception of work life quality and general health decreased, burnout levels increased (p=0.000, p=0.000), and as the number of people living at home decreased (p=0.015, p=0.0011), the levels of fear of coronavirus and burnout increased. It is recommended that the obtained data be used as a resource to improve the working and living conditions of healthcare professionals and further studies in larger sample groups are recommended

La evaluación del vocabulario en la enseñanza y el aprendizaje del español como segunda lengua

The principal purpose of this study is to suggest a valid, reliable and practical assessment tool, which can evaluate learners’ vocabulary knowledge in Spanish as a Second Language. Two Vocabulary Levels Tests were designed based on a lexical corpus in order to evaluate students’ receptive and productive vocabulary. The corpus consists of the active vocabulary presented in the first- and second-year textbooks used by the language program at the University of Houston. According to the data obtained from 410 students, although the receptive and productive vocabulary knowledge of students increases as they progress through the levels, the low frequency of high scores indicates the difficulty of these tests for the participants. It is observed that while the low and high beginners differ significantly from each other, these differences are not evident among low and high intermediates. On the other hand, it is noted that the emphasis placed on vocabulary as a component of language learning decreases gradually in the curricula and in the textbooks throughout the first 4 levels, which can account for the gaps, lack of recycling and retention of words studied in the previous levels. Moreover, strong correlations were found between the average of the two tests and students’ final grades. It can be concluded that these vocabulary tests are good indicators of language proficiency in general and can be used as diagnostic tools. This study also presents what kind of learning strategies beginner and intermediate students prefer to use for studying and practicing vocabulary. The results of the comparative frequency analysis supports the findings of previous studies (Davies & Face, 2006; Godev, 2009) in the sense that the textbooks only partially reflect the vocabulary most frequently used by native speakers of Spanish in “real world” contexts and that these high frequency words are not presented systematically. Finally, pedagogical implications for expanding vocabulary and increasing lexical performance are offered for learners of Spanish as a Second Language.Hispanic Studies, Department o