An approach to the morphological disambiguation problem using conditional random fields

Morphology is the subfield of linguistics that studies the internal structures of words. Morphological analysis is the first step in revealing this structure by enumerating possible underlying morphological unit combinations that describe the surface form of a given word. The given surface form is said to be morphologically ambiguous, when more than one analysis corresponds to the given surface form. While words in every natural language may manifest morphological ambiguity, solving the problem of morphological disambiguation presents different challenges for different languages. In this work, we present an approach to this problem using Conditional Random Fields, a statistical framework that elegantly avoids data sparseness problems arising from the large vocabulary and tag set sizes, a characteristic of Turkish language. CRFs are used to build statistical models that rely on simple functions of easily testable properties of the training data at hand. Thanks to higher expressiveness gained by using tests on individual morphological markers, our results are in line with the state-of-the-art, using only a simple one-dimensional bigram chain model

Developing a GMDH-type neural network model for spatial prediction of NOx : A case study of Çerkezköy, Tekirdağ

Air pollution-induced issues involve public health, environmental, agricultural and socio-economic aspects. Therefore, decision-makers need low-cost, efficient tools with high spatiotemporal representation for monitoring air pollutants around urban areas and sensitive regions. Air pollution forecasting models with different time steps and forecast lengths are used as an alternative and support to traditional air quality monitoring stations (AQMS). In recent decades, given their eligibility to reconcile the relationship between parameters of complex systems, artificial neural networks have acquired the utmost importance in the field of air pollution forecasting. In this study, different machine learning regression methods are used to establish a mathematical relationship between air pollutants and meteorological factors from four AQMS (A-D) located between Çerkezköy and Süleymanpaşa, Tekirdağ. The model input variables included air pollutants and meteorological parameters. All developed models were used with the intent to provide instantaneous prediction of the air pollutant parameter NOx within the AQMS and across different stations. In the GMDH (group method of data handling)-type neural network method (namely the self-organizing deep learning approach), a five hidden layer structure consisting of a maximum of five neurons was preferred and, choice of layers and neurons were made in a way to minimize the error. In all models developed, the data were divided into a training (%80) and a testing set (%20). Based on R2, RMSE, and MAE values of all developed models, GMDH provided superior results regarding the NOx prediction within AQMS (reaching 0.94, 10.95, and 6.65, respectively for station A) and between different AQMS. The GMDH model yielded NOx prediction of station B by using station A input variables (without using NOx data as model input) with R2, RMSE and MAE values 0.80, 10.88, 7.31 respectively. The GMDH model is found suitable for being employed to fill in the gaps of air pollution records within and across-AQMS

A Study on Physical and Chemical Properties of Cellulose Paper Immersed in Various Solvent Mixtures

The cellulose paper treated in proportional mixture systems showed higher liquid absorption compare to only EtOH and MeOH treatments. It was approximately 40–70% and 50–91% higher for EtOH-NaOH and MeOH-NaOH treated papers, respectively. All conditions apparently bring about an effect of decreased strength for papers. The lowest tensile strength of 13.0 N/mm was found with EtOH and NaOH treated samples after 5th repeating wetting-drying stage. But, some conditions gave approximately 21–59.5% higher stretch than untreated samples. The pore size distributions of papers were evaluated with Simons stain procedure and experimental results usually consisted with sorption data. The less intense CH2–CH2- vibrations (1450–1700 cm−1) and C-C and C-O-C peak areas in FTIR spectra indicates lowering H-bonds in solvent treated and dried paper network structure

Measuring takeover premiums in cross-border M&As: insights from Turkey

We investigate whether the merger announcement dates provided in a popular Mergers and Acquisitions (M&A) database, SDC, serve as accurate event dates for estimating the wealth effects of mergers on target firms located in Turkey. We find that 74% of SDC’s merger announcement dates are preceded by merger-related events such as merger rumors, target firms’ search for potential acquirers, and early stage merger negotiation announcements. Target cumulative abnormal return (CAR) estimates around these early dates are almost twice as large as the CAR estimates around SDC’s merger announcement dates. We argue that our findings have implications for the recently flourishing cross-border M&A literature

Age, Growth and Otolith Biometry-Body Length Relationships of Red Bandfish (Cepola Macrophthalma L., 1758) in the Sea of Marmara, Turkey

DergiPark: 714201trkjnatThe age, growth, and the otolith biometry-total length relationships of Cepola macrophthalma (Linnaeus, 1758) were investigated. The individuals were caught with beam trawl in the Sea of Marmara from March 2012 to June 2014. The individual with 51.5 cm total length sampled in this study was recorded as the new maximum size of C. macrophthalma in the Marmara Sea. The length-weight relationship showed negative allometric growth with a 1.36 b value. Otolith length-otolith weight, otolith width-otolith weight, otolith length-total length, otolith width-total length, otolith length-otolith width and total length-otolith weight relationships were found as OW=0.0002*OL2.6377 (R2=0.91), OW=0.001*OWi2.6215 (R2=0.94), O=0.057*TL+3.2087 (R2=0.57), OWi=0.0316*TL+1.8511 (R2=0.55), OWi=0.527*OL+0.2015 (R2=0.86), OW=0.0004*TL+0.0029 (R2=0.58), respectively. Ages were estimated from 80 otolith readings and the minimum and maximum ages observed were 1 and 5 years, respectively. The growth parameters of the von Bertalanffy equation were calculated as L?=61.95 cm, K=0.19 year-1, t0 = -0.05 years. A great majority of the stock (77%) consisted of younger individuals (1-2 age groups). Cepola macrophthalma stock consisted of mainly younger individuals which may indicate that an effective fishing pressure is effective on the stock. Cepola macrophthalma (Linnaeus, 1758)’in yaş, büyüme ve otolit biyometri-total boy ilişkileri araştırılmıştır. Bireyler Mart 2012-Haziran 2014 tarihleri arasında Marmara Denizi'nde algarna ile yakalanmıştır. Bu çalışmada örneklenen 51,5 cm'lik C. macrophthalma bireyinin boyu, Marmara Denizi'nde bu tür için maksimum olarak kaydedilmiştir. Boy-ağırlık ilişkisi denklemine göre büyüme tipi negatif allometrik olarak belirlenmiştir (b=1,36). Otolith boyu-otolith ağırlığı, otolith genişliği- otolith ağırlığı, otolith boyu-total boy, otolith genişliği-total boy, otolit boyu-otolit genişliği, total boy-otolit ağırlığı ilişkileri OW=0,0002*OL2,6377 (R2=0,91), OW=0,001*OWi2,6215 (R2=0,94), OL=0,057*TL+3,2087 (R2=0,57), OWi=0,0316*TL+1,8511 (R2=0,55), OWi=0,527*OL+0,2015 (R2=0,86) OW=0,0004*TL+0,0029 (R2=0,58) olarak hesaplanmıştır. Yaşlar 80 adet otolit okumasından hesaplanmıştır; gözlemlenen en küçük ve en büyük yaşlar sırasıyla 1 ve 5’tir. von Bertalanffy denklemine göre hesaplanan büyüme parametreleri değerleri L?=61,95 cm, K=0,19 yıl-1, t0 = -0,05 yıl olarak belirlenmiştir. Stoğun büyük çoğunluğu (%77) genç bireylerden (1-2 yaş grubu) oluşmaktadır. Marmara Denizi’nde C. macrophthalma stoğunun daha çok genç bireylerden oluşması stokların av baskısı altında olduğunu düşündürmektedir.

Weathering performance of particleboards manufactured from blends of forest residues with red pine (Pinus brutia) wood

Red pine cone and barks combined with red pine wood particles in various proportions were used as the raw materials for one and three layered experimental particleboard manufacturing in laboratory conditions. The pine cones and barks have higher lignin, but lower holocellulose content compare to wood. For bark-based panels, the highest MOR (2.52 MPa) corresponded to the lowest thickness swelling (9.3%) and marginally highest IB at 150oC and 8% adhesive level. The 24 hour thickness swelling (TS) values obtained in this study were lower than the required TS-EN 312 (2005) value of 14% for all bark-based boards. However, the single-layer bark-based boards demonstrated higher mechanical properties compared to three-layer boards using similar manufacturing conditions. The boards exposed to atmospheric conditions have considerably darkened (-DL) and lower surface roughness changes. Meanwhile, for single-layer cone boards, the highest MOR (4.66 MPa) was found at 150oC and 8% adhesive level, whereas the highest IB (1.54 MPa) and lowest TS (32.9%) were found at 150oC and 10% adhesive content. The cone-based panels had higher surface color changes (lightness and total color difference) compared to red pine wood panels. The particleboards produced using cone in the proportion of wood resulted in lower TS compared to boards made from only red pine wood

Comparison of some wood properties of juvenile black pines of different origin planted in the same habitat

Black pine (Pinus nigra) is a significant raw material source for the forest products industry in Turkey. The purpose of this research was to study some chemical, anatomical, physical, and mechanical properties of wood obtained from juvenile black pines planted in Kavaklıdere - Muğla, originating from five different locations: Muğla, Balıkesir, Denizli, Bursa, and Kütahya. Although pines originating from Muğla and Balıkesir were good in terms of wood properties, those from Denizli, Bursa, and Kütahya exhibited no remarkable features. Black pine of Muğla origin was recommended for planting in Kavaklıdere and similar habitats, whereas pines of Denizli, Bursa, and Kütahya origins were not recommended. However, pine of Balıkesir origin may be an alternative to that of Muğla origin for black pine plantations at Kavaklıdere and similar sites

Apparent diffusion coefficient for discriminating metastatic lymph nodes in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck

PURPOSEWe aimed to evaluate the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of metastatic lymph nodes in patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck.METHODSPatients with metastatic lymph nodes underwent 1.5 Tesla diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The ADC values of the histologically proven metastases were evaluated retrospectively and mean ADC values were compared using one-way analysis of variance test. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to identify ADC threshold values.RESULTSWe included 33 patients (27 males, 6 females; mean age, 60.7 years) with 53 metastatic lymph nodes in the study. Mean ADC values for nodal metastases of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) (n=7), oropharyngeal (n=12), laryngeal (n=27), and hypopharyngeal (n=7) carcinoma were (0.810±0.158)×10-3 mm2/s, (0.985±0.099)×10-3 mm2/s, (1.037±0.150)×10-3 mm2/s, and (0.948±0.081)×10-3 mm2/s, respectively. The mean ADC values of nodal metastases of NPC were significantly lower than ADC values of laryngeal carcinoma (LSCC) (P = 0.002). An ADC value less than 0.890×10-3 mm2/s was found to facilitate differentiation of NPC from LSCC with a sensitivity of 71% and specificity of 85% (area under the curve, 0.852).CONCLUSIONThe mean ADC values showed significant differences between nodal metastases of NPC and LSCC. Considering SCCs as a single group may affect the accuracy of ADC-based differentiation. Location of the primary tumor should be taken into account and cutoff values should be determined separately for each anatomical location