Composition, morphology and pasting properties of Orchis anatolica tuber gum

Orchis anatolica (O. anatolica) tuber is commonly used in the production of Salep gum or O. anatolica tuber gum (OaG) for use as a thickener, flavouring agent, gelling agent, film former and emulsifier in the food industry. The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition, physical, morphological and pasting properties of OaG. Physical and morphological analyses, and pasting properties of OaG were analysed using static light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy and rotational rheometry, respectively. Volume-weighted mean particle diameter (D [4,3]) value of OaG was 180 ± 1.25 μm. OaG was composed mainly of starch (41.6%), dietary fiber (32.3%) and glucomannan (18.5%). The powder of OaG had irregular shaped particles with smooth surfaces and round edges. After pasting treatment, the initial and final viscosity values of the OaG dispersions at a concentration of 0.5% OaG were 33.7 ± 0.24 and 34.3 ± 0.45 mPa.s, whereas, the corresponding values at a concentration of 2.5% OaG were 1193 ± 92.0 and 1437 ± 83.3 mPa.s, respectively. The glucomannan and dietary fiber components and their possible interactions with starch, in OaG appear to have influenced the peak temperature and viscosity on pasting, due to limitation of the leaching of amylose and amylopectin from starch granules. Therefore, O. anatolica tuber gum, a complex biopolymer, can provide interesting and unique functionality to the food industry in the development of novel food structures

Exploring Attitudes Toward “Sugar Relationships” Across 87 Countries: A Global Perspective on Exchanges of Resources for Sex and Companionship

The current study investigates attitudes toward one form of sex for resources: the so-called sugar relationships, which often involve exchanges of resources for sex and/or companionship. The present study examined associations among attitudes toward sugar relationships and relevant variables (e.g., sex, sociosexuality, gender inequality, parasitic exposure) in 69,924 participants across 87 countries. Two self-report measures of Acceptance of Sugar Relationships (ASR) developed for younger companion providers (ASR-YWMS) and older resource providers (ASR-OMWS) were translated into 37 languages. We tested cross-sex and cross-linguistic construct equivalence, cross-cultural invariance in sex differences, and the importance of the hypothetical predictors of ASR. Both measures showed adequate psychometric properties in all languages (except the Persian version of ASR-YWMS). Results partially supported our hypotheses and were consistent with previous theoretical considerations and empirical evidence on human mating. For example, at the individual level, sociosexual orientation, traditional gender roles, and pathogen prevalence were significant predictors of both ASR-YWMS and ASR-OMWS. At the country level, gender inequality and parasite stress positively predicted the ASR-YWMS. However, being a woman negatively predicted the ASR-OMWS, but positively predicted the ASR-YWMS. At country-level, ingroup favoritism and parasite stress positively predicted the ASR-OMWS. Furthermore, significant cross-subregional differences were found in the openness to sugar relationships (both ASR-YWMS and ASR-OMWS scores) across subregions. Finally, significant differences were found between ASR-YWMS and ASR-OMWS when compared in each subregion. The ASR-YWMS was significantly higher than the ASR-OMWS in all subregions, except for Northern Africa and Western Asia

Predictors of enhancing human physical attractiveness: Data from 93 countries

People across the world and throughout history have gone to great lengths to enhance their physical appearance. Evolutionary psychologists and ethologists have largely attempted to explain this phenomenon via mating preferences and strategies. Here, we test one of the most popular evolutionary hypotheses for beauty-enhancing behaviors, drawn from mating market and parasite stress perspectives, in a large cross-cultural sample. We also test hypotheses drawn from other influential and non-mutually exclusive theoretical frameworks, from biosocial role theory to a cultural media perspective. Survey data from 93,158 human participants across 93 countries provide evidence that behaviors such as applying makeup or using other cosmetics, hair grooming, clothing style, caring for body hygiene, and exercising or following a specific diet for the specific purpose of improving ones physical attractiveness, are universal. Indeed, 99% of participants reported spending >10 min a day performing beauty-enhancing behaviors. The results largely support evolutionary hypotheses: more time was spent enhancing beauty by women (almost 4 h a day, on average) than by men (3.6 h a day), by the youngest participants (and contrary to predictions, also the oldest), by those with a relatively more severe history of infectious diseases, and by participants currently dating compared to those in established relationships. The strongest predictor of attractiveness-enhancing behaviors was social media usage. Other predictors, in order of effect size, included adhering to traditional gender roles, residing in countries with less gender equality, considering oneself as highly attractive or, conversely, highly unattractive, TV watching time, higher socioeconomic status, right-wing political beliefs, a lower level of education, and personal individualistic attitudes. This study provides novel insight into universal beauty-enhancing behaviors by unifying evolutionary theory with several other complementary perspectives

Exploring Attitudes Toward “Sugar Relationships” Across 87 Countries: A Global Perspective on Exchanges of Resources for Sex and Companionship

The current study investigates attitudes toward one form of sex for resources: the so-called sugar relationships, which often involve exchanges of resources for sex and/or companionship. The present study examined associations among attitudes toward sugar relationships and relevant variables (e.g., sex, sociosexuality, gender inequality, parasitic exposure) in 69,924 participants across 87 countries. Two self-report measures of Acceptance of Sugar Relationships (ASR) developed for younger companion providers (ASR-YWMS) and older resource providers (ASR-OMWS) were translated into 37 languages. We tested cross-sex and cross-linguistic construct equivalence, cross-cultural invariance in sex differences, and the importance of the hypothetical predictors of ASR. Both measures showed adequate psychometric properties in all languages (except the Persian version of ASR-YWMS). Results partially supported our hypotheses and were consistent with previous theoretical considerations and empirical evidence on human mating. For example, at the individual level, sociosexual orientation, traditional gender roles, and pathogen prevalence were significant predictors of both ASR-YWMS and ASR-OMWS. At the country level, gender inequality and parasite stress positively predicted the ASR-YWMS. However, being a woman negatively predicted the ASR-OMWS, but positively predicted the ASR-YWMS. At country-level, ingroup favoritism and parasite stress positively predicted the ASR-OMWS. Furthermore, significant cross-subregional differences were found in the openness to sugar relationships (both ASR-YWMS and ASR-OMWS scores) across subregions. Finally, significant differences were found between ASR-YWMS and ASR-OMWS when compared in each subregion. The ASR-YWMS was significantly higher than the ASR-OMWS in all subregions, except for Northern Africa and Western Asia

Apa Baraj Gölü’nde Yaşayan Squalius cephalus (L., 1758)’un Bazı Biyolojik Özellikleri

In the present study, sex and age distribution, growth, reproduction properties and condition factor of Squalius cephalus (L., 1758), Inhabiting Apa Dam Lake, were investigated. The ages of S. cephalus were determined in the range of I to V. of the investigated samples, 45.36% were female and 43.46% were male. The minimum fork length of this species was 131 mm, the lowest weight was 30 g, the maximum fork length was 307 mm and the highest weight was 438 g. Relation between length and weight was calculated as W = 0.091 x L 2.43 (female+male). First sex maturity was attained at the age of II in males and III in females and spawning occurs between may and july. Monthly gonadosomatic index (GSI) values varied from 1.23 to 7.87. Fecundity increased with the age. Key Words: Squalius cephalus, age and growth, reproduction, Apa Dam Lak

Apa Baraj Gölü (Konya) ’nde Yaşayan Cyprinus carpio (L, 1758) ’nun Bazı Biyolojik Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi

This study was carried out in Apa Dam Lake between January 2001 and December 2001. Characteristics of sexuality status, age groups, growth and reproduction as well as condition factor of Cyprinus carpio (L. 1758) population, which inhabits this dam lake and is of economic importance, was investigated. The age composition of Cyprinus carpio samples were determined to have ranged from I to VIII. Sexual distribution proved to be 41,83 % for females and 43,02 % for males. Minimum fork length of this species was found to be 138 (mm), minimum weight 51 (gr), maximum fork length 525 (mm), and maximum weight 2724 (gr). The highest age- specific number within the population was observed in age group III, whereas the lowest one was in age group VII. Minimum and maximum condition factors were found to be 1,69 in age group VI and 2,26 in age group III, respectively. As far as the seasons are concerned, minimum condition factor was observed 1,84 in July, whereas the maximum one was 2,17 in June. Sexual maturity age was found to be III in the males and IV in the females. Reproduction period was determined to be June and July. GSI values based on the months ranged from 1,64 to 18,78. Fecundity has increased, rising from the age group IV to VIII.Bu çalışma, Ocak-2001, Aralık-2001 tarihleri arasında Apa Baraj Gölü’nde yapılmıştır. Bu baraj gölünde yaşayan ve ekonomik öneme sahip Cyprinus carpio (L. 1758) populasyonunun eşey durumu ve yaş grupları, büyüme ve üreme özellikleri ile kondisyon faktörü araştırılmıştır. Cyprinus carpio’ nun I-VIII yaşları arasında dağılım gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Eşey dağılımı %41,83 dişi ve %43,02 erkek bireylerden oluşmuştur. Bu türe ait en küçük çatal boy uzunluğu 138 (mm), en küçük ağırlık 51 (gr), en büyük çatal boy uzunluğu 525 (mm), en büyük ağırlık 2724 (gr) olarak saptanmıştır. Populasyonda en fazla bireye III yaş grubunda, en az bireye ise VII yaş grubunda rastlanılmıştır. Kondisyon faktörü en düşük VI. yaşta 1,69, en yüksek III. yaşta 2,26 ve aylara göre en düşük Temmuz’da 1,84, en yüksek Haziran’da 2,17 olarak bulunmuştur. Eşeysel olgunluğa ulaşma yaşı erkeklerde III. ve dişilerde IV. yaş olarak belirlenmiştir. Üreme zamanı ise Haziran-Temmuz olarak belirlenmiştir. Aylara göre GSÎ değerleri 1,64 -18,78 arasında değişim göstermiştir. Yumurta verimliliği (fekondite) artarak, IV yaştan VIII yaşa doğru yükselmiştir

Investigation ofSome Physical And Chemical Properties of Apa Dam Lake (Konya)

Bu çalışma, Ocak 2001-Ocak 2002 tarihleri arasında Apa Baraj Gölü (Konya)’nde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Apa Baraj Gölü’nün su kalitesini belirlemek amacıyla, hava sıcaklığı, su sıcaklığı, çözünmüş oksijen, ışık geçirgenliği, pH, sertlik, nitrit, nitrat, amonyum, elektriksel iletkenlik, sülfat, klorür, potasyum, sodyum, magnezyum, bikarbonat, organik madde ve orto fosfat, gibi parametreler bir yıl boyunca aylık olarak ölçülmüştür. Çalışma sonuçları Apa Baraj Gölü’nde önemli bir kirlilik olmadığını göstermiştir, bununla birlikte, tarım alanlarının sulanması nedeniyle yaz aylarında su seviyesindeki bir azalma kirlilik parametreleri seviyesinde bir artışa neden olmuştur.This study has been realized on the Apa Dam Lake (Konya) between the Jaunary 2001 and Jaunary 2002. Parameters such as, air and water temperatures, dissolved oxygen, light permeability, pH, orthophosphate, hardness, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, electrical conductivity, sulfate, chlorine, potassium, sodium, magnesium, bicarbonate and organic biomass were measured monthly during a year period in order to determine water quality of Apa Dam Lake. The study results indicated that there was no serious pollution in water of Apa Dam Lake, however a decrease in water level during summer season due to irrigation of agricultural areas leads to increase in pollution parameters level

Apa Baraj Gölü (Konya) ’nde Yaşayan Cyprinus carpio (L, 1758) ’nun Bazı Biyolojik Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi

This study was carried out in Apa Dam Lake between January 2001 and December 2001. Characteristics of sexuality status, age groups, growth and reproduction as well as condition factor of Cyprinus carpio (L. 1758) population, which inhabits this dam lake and is of economic importance, was investigated. The age composition of Cyprinus carpio samples were determined to have ranged from I to VIII. Sexual distribution proved to be 41,83 % for females and 43,02 % for males. Minimum fork length of this species was found to be 138 (mm), minimum weight 51 (gr), maximum fork length 525 (mm), and maximum weight 2724 (gr). The highest age- specific number within the population was observed in age group III, whereas the lowest one was in age group VII. Minimum and maximum condition factors were found to be 1,69 in age group VI and 2,26 in age group III, respectively. As far as the seasons are concerned, minimum condition factor was observed 1,84 in July, whereas the maximum one was 2,17 in June. Sexual maturity age was found to be III in the males and IV in the females. Reproduction period was determined to be June and July. GSI values based on the months ranged from 1,64 to 18,78. Fecundity has increased, rising from the age group IV to VIII.Bu çalışma, Ocak-2001, Aralık-2001 tarihleri arasında Apa Baraj Gölü’nde yapılmıştır. Bu baraj gölünde yaşayan ve ekonomik öneme sahip Cyprinus carpio (L. 1758) populasyonunun eşey durumu ve yaş grupları, büyüme ve üreme özellikleri ile kondisyon faktörü araştırılmıştır. Cyprinus carpio’ nun I-VIII yaşları arasında dağılım gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Eşey dağılımı %41,83 dişi ve %43,02 erkek bireylerden oluşmuştur. Bu türe ait en küçük çatal boy uzunluğu 138 (mm), en küçük ağırlık 51 (gr), en büyük çatal boy uzunluğu 525 (mm), en büyük ağırlık 2724 (gr) olarak saptanmıştır. Populasyonda en fazla bireye III yaş grubunda, en az bireye ise VII yaş grubunda rastlanılmıştır. Kondisyon faktörü en düşük VI. yaşta 1,69, en yüksek III. yaşta 2,26 ve aylara göre en düşük Temmuz’da 1,84, en yüksek Haziran’da 2,17 olarak bulunmuştur. Eşeysel olgunluğa ulaşma yaşı erkeklerde III. ve dişilerde IV. yaş olarak belirlenmiştir. Üreme zamanı ise Haziran-Temmuz olarak belirlenmiştir. Aylara göre GSÎ değerleri 1,64 -18,78 arasında değişim göstermiştir. Yumurta verimliliği (fekondite) artarak, IV yaştan VIII yaşa doğru yükselmiştir

Investigation ofSome Physical And Chemical Properties of Apa Dam Lake (Konya)

Bu çalışma, Ocak 2001-Ocak 2002 tarihleri arasında Apa Baraj Gölü (Konya)’nde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Apa Baraj Gölü’nün su kalitesini belirlemek amacıyla, hava sıcaklığı, su sıcaklığı, çözünmüş oksijen, ışık geçirgenliği, pH, sertlik, nitrit, nitrat, amonyum, elektriksel iletkenlik, sülfat, klorür, potasyum, sodyum, magnezyum, bikarbonat, organik madde ve orto fosfat, gibi parametreler bir yıl boyunca aylık olarak ölçülmüştür. Çalışma sonuçları Apa Baraj Gölü’nde önemli bir kirlilik olmadığını göstermiştir, bununla birlikte, tarım alanlarının sulanması nedeniyle yaz aylarında su seviyesindeki bir azalma kirlilik parametreleri seviyesinde bir artışa neden olmuştur.This study has been realized on the Apa Dam Lake (Konya) between the Jaunary 2001 and Jaunary 2002. Parameters such as, air and water temperatures, dissolved oxygen, light permeability, pH, orthophosphate, hardness, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, electrical conductivity, sulfate, chlorine, potassium, sodium, magnesium, bicarbonate and organic biomass were measured monthly during a year period in order to determine water quality of Apa Dam Lake. The study results indicated that there was no serious pollution in water of Apa Dam Lake, however a decrease in water level during summer season due to irrigation of agricultural areas leads to increase in pollution parameters level

Apa Baraj Gölü’nde Yaşayan Squalius cephalus (L., 1758)’un Bazı Biyolojik Özellikleri

In the present study, sex and age distribution, growth, reproduction properties and condition factor of Squalius cephalus (L., 1758), Inhabiting Apa Dam Lake, were investigated. The ages of S. cephalus were determined in the range of I to V. of the investigated samples, 45.36% were female and 43.46% were male. The minimum fork length of this species was 131 mm, the lowest weight was 30 g, the maximum fork length was 307 mm and the highest weight was 438 g. Relation between length and weight was calculated as W = 0.091 x L 2.43 (female+male). First sex maturity was attained at the age of II in males and III in females and spawning occurs between may and july. Monthly gonadosomatic index (GSI) values varied from 1.23 to 7.87. Fecundity increased with the age. Key Words: Squalius cephalus, age and growth, reproduction, Apa Dam Lak