Bacillariophyta of the Yavorivsky National Park, Broadleaf Forest Zone of Ukraine, including Сaloneis albus-columba, sp. nov.

Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) are one of the major biological components in all kinds of aquatic ecosystems both in freshwater and marine ones. The nature reserve fund of Ukraine includes 52 national parks, in the vast majority of which Bacillariophyta have not been studied. This investigation presents first data on the diatoms in Yavorivsky National Park located in Lviv region. The material consists of the epiphytic samples of microalgae that were collected from different substrates in aquatic ecosystems of the Yavorivsky National Park in 2014. In the hydrotopes of the park 180 diatom species from 56 genera were found, among them Achnanthidium catenatum (Bily & Marvan) Lange-Bertalot, Cymbopleura apiculata Krammer, Fallacia sublucidula (Hustedt) D. G. Mann in Round, Crawford & Mann, Gomphonema lagenula Kützing, G. supersedens Reichardt, G. pseudopusillum Reichardt, Paraplaconeis minor (Grunow) Lange-Bertalot, Placoneis constans (Hustedt) E. J. Cox, Psammothidium bioretii (Germain) Bukhtiyarova & Round, P. vernadskyi Bukhtiyarova et Stanislavskaya, Sellaphora gracillima Zidarova, Kopalová & Van de Vijver, S. insolita (Manguin) Hamilton et Antoniades, Stauroneis fluminopsis Van de Vijver et Lange-Bertalot were recorded for the first time in Ukraine. Besides that, Amphora hemicycla Stoermer & J. J. Yang and Sellaphora bacilloides (Hustedt) Levkov, Krstic & Nakov also were new findings in the country from the Broadleaf Forest Zone of Ukraine. Many species rare in the world flora and in Ukraine were found. A new diatom species Сaloneis albus-columba Bukhtiyarova, sp. nov., was described from the pond in stationary recreation area Kozulka. This new species possesses strongly three-undulate valves with three rhombic segments, which in morphology is most similar to Caloneis lamella Zakrzewski, however it differs from it by having rhombic distal valve segments instead of oval ones as well as noticeably smaller width of the central valve segment. The morphology of other similar species is discussed. For proper description of the new species new definitions for the raphe system morphology were grounded on functional morphology of the diatom frustule. New combinations Iconella alaskaensis (Foged) Bukhtiyarova, comb. et stat. nov., Iconella baltica (Schumann) Bukhtiyarova, comb. nov., Iconella brebissonii (Krammer & Lange-Bertalot) Bukhtiyarova, comb. nov., Iconella brightwellii (W. Smith) Bukhtiyarova, comb. nov., Iconella constricta (Grunow) Bukhtiyarova, comb. et stat. nov., Iconella didyma (Kützing) Bukhtiyarova, comb. nov. and Iconella elegans (Ehrenberg) Bukhtiyarova, comb. nov. were formally proposed. The lectotype for Eunotia glacialis F. Meister was designated here. Illustrations with light and scanning electron microscopy are presented. A primary inventory of Bacillariophyta and their subsequent study on protected territories in Ukraine is still an important task in the context of preservation of biodiversity of the country

Frustule functions and functional morphology of Bacillariophyta

On the basis of new data on diatom frustule functions, found in the field of nanotechnology, the conclusion was made about a multifunctional role of most frustule structural elements and their taking part in many vital functions of the diatom single-cell organism. The proposal on revision of the morphological terms for the diatom frustule description is put on the modern universal base. The concept on a possible approach to diatom functional morphology and the definitions of the diatom frustule basic element (= db-element) and morph of the diatom frustule (= df-morph) for description of fine morphology are suggested. Some structures of frustule as velum, areola, stria are considered in the light of function morphology.Сделан вывод о полифункциональной роли большинства структурных элементов панциря в жизни клетки диатомовой водоросли на основании данных о функциях панциря диатомовых водорослей, полученных в результате их исследований в области нанoтехнологий. Предложена концепция подхода к функциональной морфологии панциря Bacillariophyta и ревизии терминологии, используемой при описании его морфологических структур. Сформулированы понятия базисного элемента, db-элемента и функциональной единицы, df-морфы, панциря диатомовой водоросли. В свете функциональной морфологии рассматриваются некоторые универсальные структуры панциря – вирга, ваймин, велум, ареола, штрих

Classification of uniserial striae in Bacillariophyta with bipolar frustule

The striae are the main structural-functional units in the diatom frustule, however, their morphology is still insufficiently studied and poorly used in Bacillariophyta taxonomy. New criteria for the stria architecture analysis rely on the data from electron microscopy investigations. For the first time hierarchical classification of the striae diversity in the diatom bipolar frustules was proposed. It reflects species ontogeny and the influence of ecology in evolution of different striae.Штрихи являются основными структурно-функциональными единицами панциря Bacillariophyta, однако их морфология остается не достаточно изученной и ограничено используется в таксономии Bacillariophyta. Новые критерии хтя анализа архитектуры штриха базируются на данных электронной микроскопии. Впервые предложена иерархическая классификация разнообразия штрихов у Bacillariophyta с биполярной симметрией панциря. Она отражает онтогенез видов и влияние экологии на эволюцию разнообразных штрихов

Investigación de los estereotipos de crueldad de los adolescentes sobre los roles sexuales

The relevance of this study is caused by the dramatic picture of the psychological theory of the development of the modern teenager in modern science. Rapidly changing social conditions at the beginning of the third Millennium need scientific understanding of possible future prospects of development of the period of childhood and adolescence. The efforts of those responsible for the training of educators, teachers, child psychologists, support for the institution of the family, conducting comprehensive studies of the modern teenager are needed.  Of particular importance for the future of the theory and practice of upbringing of the teenager deserves the study of phenomenology for the development of a modern teenager, the rejection of rigid social stereotypes that are the choice of positive strategies in the relations with teenagers.  Before the reader is an article in which the authors comprehend the existence of social stereotypes on the issue of gender differences in the manifestation of cruel behavior by teenagers. The authors presented a brief analysis of the scientific problem of cruelty.   The problem field of empirical research is defined in the identification of sexual differences in the manifestation of types of cruelty and sexual differences in the attitude to cruel behavior. The study sample is correctly formed, the author’s methods of ideographic type are presented, which have passed the stage of approbation in numerous studies. This study belongs to the category of point quasi-experiments.  The stages of research are consistently presented. Qualitative analysis of empirical data is based on evidence-based methods of statistical thesaurus.  The main conclusions of the study allow us to comprehend the existing social stereotypes of types of cruelty and attitudes to violence on a gender basis.La relevancia de este estudio es causada por la imagen dramática de la teoría psicológica del desarrollo del adolescente moderno en la ciencia moderna. Las condiciones sociales que cambian rápidamente a principios del tercer milenio necesitan una comprensión científica de las posibles perspectivas futuras de desarrollo del período de la infancia y la adolescencia. Se necesitan los esfuerzos de los responsables de la formación de educadores, maestros, psicólogos infantiles, apoyo a la institución de la familia, realización de estudios integrales del adolescente moderno. De particular importancia para el futuro de la teoría y la práctica de la educación del adolescente merece el estudio de la fenomenología para el desarrollo de un adolescente moderno, el rechazo de los estereotipos sociales rígidos que son la elección de estrategias positivas en las relaciones con los adolescentes. Ante el lector hay un artículo en el que los autores comprenden la existencia de estereotipos sociales sobre el tema de las diferencias de género en la manifestación de conductas crueles por parte de los adolescentes. Los autores presentaron un breve análisis del problema científico de la crueldad. El campo problemático de la investigación empírica se define en la identificación de las diferencias sexuales en la manifestación de los tipos de crueldad y las diferencias sexuales en la actitud ante el comportamiento cruel. La muestra de estudio se formó correctamente, se presentan los métodos de tipo ideográfico del autor, que han pasado la etapa de aprobación en numerosos estudios. Este estudio pertenece a la categoría de cuasi-experimentos puntuales. Las etapas de la investigación se presentan constantemente. El análisis cualitativo de los datos empíricos se basa en métodos de tesauro estadístico basados ​​en la evidencia. Las principales conclusiones del estudio nos permiten comprender los estereotipos sociales existentes de los tipos de crueldad y actitudes hacia la violencia sobre una base de género

Neuroprotective properties of n-phenylacetyl-l-prolylglycine ethyl ester nasal gel in an experimental model of multiple sclerosis equivalent

The purpose of this research is to study the specific activity of our developed nasal dosage form with n-phenylacetyl-l-prolylglycine ethyl ester. The experiments were performed on 260 white outbred rats weighing 190-220 g. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced by a single subcutaneous inoculation of an encephalitogenic mixture (EHM) in Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) based on 100 mg of homologous spinal cord homogenate; 0.2 ml of CFA (the content of killed mycobacteria 5 mg/ml) and 0.2 ml of physiological saline per animal. There were five groups of animals in the study: 1) intact; 2) control - untreated with EAE, received saline solution; 3) animals with EAE that received basic treatment - methylprednisolone (MP), 3.4 mg/kg, intraperitoneally slowly in saline no more than 1/10 of the CBV rat; 4) animals with EAE treated with MP + Noopept, at a dose of 10 mg/kg; 5) animals with EAE treated with MP + Citicoline (Ceraxon, Ferrer Internacional S.A., Spain) D003U1 series, 500 mg/kg, intragastrically. The in­tegrative functions of rats’ brain with EAE were studied using the “Open Field” method with an arena of own production with dimensions 80x80x35 cm. The study of memory was carried out using the radial labyrinth LE760 (AgnTho's, Sweden). Capture and image recording was carried out using a color video camera SSC-DC378P (Sony, Japan). Video file analysis was performed using Smartv 3.0 software (Harvard Apparatus, USA). As a result of the stu­dies on experimental model of multiple sclerosis with a nasal gel containing ethyl ester of n-phenylacetyl-l-pro­lylglycine revealed the presence of normotimic activity, antidepressant and anxiolytic effects, an increase in the total activity of the central nervous system. The results obtained indicate a high neuroprotective and nootropic activity of the Noopept intranasal gel. By the degree of influence on reducing the number of errors in working memory, the Noopept gel sig­nificantly exceeds monotherapy with methylprednisolone and combination therapy with methylprednisolone and citi­coline. A further study of the effect of the developed nasal gel on the morphofunctional indices of sensorimotor cortical neurons under experimental multiple sclerosis, as well as on the content of HSP70 in the animal brain, is promising

Psammothidium vernadskyi sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta) from the Blue Lake, East Siberia, Russia

Bacillariophyta species composition from two lakes in East Siberia was investigated. In one of them Psammothidium vernadskyi Bukht. et Stanislavskaya sp. nov. was found. The diagnosis, illustrations and other necessary material for the new taxon attributes are provided. Typification of new species and infraspecific taxa of Bacillariophyta is discussed.Досліджено видовий склад Bacillariophyta двох малих озер Західного Сибіру. В одному з них виявлено новий для науки вид Psammothidium vernadskyi Bukht. et Stanislavskaya sp. nov. Представлено діагноз, ілюстрації та інші необхідні дані, які супроводжують описання нового виду. Обговорюються видова і внутрішньовидова типіфікації Bacillariophyta.Исследован видовой состав Bacillariophyta двух малых озер Западной Сибири. В одном из них обнаружен новый для науки вид Psammothidium vernadskyi Bukht. et Stanislavskaya sp. nov. Представлен диагноз, иллюстрации и другие необходимые данные, сопровождащие описание нового вида. Обсуждается видовая и внутривидовая типификации Bacillariophyta

Functional nitric oxide conjugate systems state/restored heart thiols of rats in modeling isadrine-pituitrin’s myocardial infarction using metabolite-tropic cardioprotector “Angiolin”

Background: According to modern researches, endothelial dysfunction (ED) is one of the primary pathogenetic elements of cardiovascular diseases (myocardial infarction [MI], ischemic heart diseases, cerebral ischemic stroke, atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, heart failure, and dilated cardiomyopathy) as well as obesity, hyperlipidemia, diabetes and hyperhomocysteinemia. The aim of this work was to study the influence of potential metabolitotropic cardioprotector “Angiolin” on the parameters of conjugate systems nitric oxide (NO)/restored thiols in heart under isadrine-pituitrin MI.Methods: This study was performed on Wistar white rats weighing 190-210 g. Biochemical, immune-enzyme analysis and histoimmunechemical study were performed.Results: In histological sections of hearts of the rats receiving Angiolin in parenteral dosing 50 mg/kg 30 mins before each pituitrin injection the density of endothelial NO-synthase (NOS)-positive cells increased by 29% and the density of inducible NOS-positive cells decreased by 23.3%. In cytosolic fraction of myocardium homogenate NOS activity increased by 27%, the concentration of NO stable metabolites increased by 70% and the content of nitrosative stress marker nitrotyrosine decreased by 42% when compared with control group. At the same time in similar samples of heart homogenate the increase of restored thiol groups’ level by 53.3%, methionine - by 35.1%, cysteine - by 170% and activity of glutathione reductase - by 186% was noted. The administration of reference drug mildronate to the animals with MI in dose 100 mg/kg did not result in significant changes of the studied parameters of thiol-disulfide system and NO system of the heart when compared with control group.Conclusions: Angiolin does not influence directly on NOS in MI, but at the same time protects NO from nitrosative stress increasing restored equivalents of thiol-disulfide system

Involvement of heat shock proteins HSP70 in the mechanisms of endogenous neuroprotection: the prospect of using HSP70 modulators

This analytical review summarizes literature data and our own research on HSP70-dependent mechanisms of neuroprotection and discusses potential pharmacological agents that can influence HSP70 expression to improve neurological outcomes and effective therapy. The authors formed a systemic concepts of the role of HSP70-dependent mechanisms of endogenous neuroprotection aimed at stopping the formation of mitochondrial dysfunction, activation of apoptosis, desensitization of estrogen receptors, reduction of oxidative and nitrosative stress, prevention of morpho-functional changes in brain cells during cerebral ischemia, and experimentally substantiated new target links for neuroprotection. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are an evolutionarily integral part of the functioning of all cells acting as intracellular chaperones that support cell proteostasis under normal and various stress conditions (hyperthermia, hypoxia, oxidative stress, radiation, etc.). The greatest curiosity in conditions of ischemic brain damage is the HSP70 protein, as an important component of the endogenous neuroprotection system, which, first of all, performs the function of intracellular chaperones and ensures the processes of folding, holding and transport of synthesized proteins, as well as their degradation, both under normoxic conditions and stress-induced denaturation. A direct neuroprotective effect of HSP70 has been established, which is realized through the regulation the processes of apoptosis and cell necrosis due to a long-term effect on the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes, chaperone activity, and stabilization of active enzymes. An increase in the level of HSP70 leads to the normalization of the glutathione link of the thiol-disulfide system and an increase in the resistance of cells to ischemia. HSP 70 is able to activate and regulate compensatory ATP synthesis pathways during ischemia. It was found that in response to the cerebral ischemia formation, HIF-1a is expressed, which initiates the launch of compensatory mechanisms for energy production. Subsequently, the regulation of these processes switches to HSP70, which “prolongs” the action of HIF-1a, and also independently maintains the expression of mitochondrial NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase activity, thereby maintaining the activity of the malate-aspartate shuttle mechanism for a long time. During ischemia of organs and tissues, HSP70 performs a protective function, which is realized through increased synthesis of antioxidant enzymes, stabilization of oxidatively damaged macromolecules, and direct anti-apoptotic and mitoprotective action. Such a role of these proteins in cellular reactions during ischemia raises the question of the development of new neuroprotective agents which are able to provide modulation/protection of the genes encoding the synthesis of HSP 70 and HIF-1a proteins. Numerous studies of recent years have noted the important role of HSP70 in the implementation of the mechanisms of metabolic adaptation, neuroplasticity and neuroprotection of brain cells, so the positive modulation of the HSP70 system is a perspective concept of neuroprotection, which can improve the efficiency of the treatment of ischemic-hypoxic brain damage and be the basis for substantiating of the feasibility of using of HSP70 modulators as promising neuroprotectors