The early modern dream vision (1558-1625): genre, authorship and tradition

This thesis offers the first full-length investigation into the reception and influence of the dream vision poem in the early modern period. One of the main aims of this research is to challenge the assumption that the dream vision was no longer an attractive, appreciated or effective form beyond the Middle Ages. This research breaks new ground by demonstrating that the dream vision was not only a popular form in the post-Reformation period, but was a major and enduring means of literary and political expression throughout the Elizabethan and Jacobean periods. This thesis is therefore part of an ongoing scholarly attempt to reconfigure the former aesthetic judgements that have dominated scholarship since C. S. Lewis dubbed the sixteenth century as the 'drab age' of English verse. The main focus is upon three writers who have been largely ignored or misunderstood by modern scholarship: Barnabe Googe (1540-1594), Richard Robinson (fl. 1570-1589) and Thomas Andrewe (fl. 1600-1604). Through close analysis of their work, this thesis demonstrates that the dream vision could both inform and was greatly informed by contemporary political, cultural and literary developments, as well as the period's relationship with its literary and historical past

The early modern dream vision (1558-1625): genre, authorship and tradition

This thesis offers the first full-length investigation into the reception and influence of the dream vision poem in the early modern period. One of the main aims of this research is to challenge the assumption that the dream vision was no longer an attractive, appreciated or effective form beyond the Middle Ages. This research breaks new ground by demonstrating that the dream vision was not only a popular form in the post-Reformation period, but was a major and enduring means of literary and political expression throughout the Elizabethan and Jacobean periods. This thesis is therefore part of an ongoing scholarly attempt to reconfigure the former aesthetic judgements that have dominated scholarship since C. S. Lewis dubbed the sixteenth century as the 'drab age' of English verse. The main focus is upon three writers who have been largely ignored or misunderstood by modern scholarship: Barnabe Googe (1540-1594), Richard Robinson (fl. 1570-1589) and Thomas Andrewe (fl. 1600-1604). Through close analysis of their work, this thesis demonstrates that the dream vision could both inform and was greatly informed by contemporary political, cultural and literary developments, as well as the period's relationship with its literary and historical past

‘I keepe my watche, and warde’: Richard Robinson’s Rewarde of Wickednesse (1574)

In response to the recent call to re-evaluate what C.S. Lewis called the ‘Drab Age’, the article reassesses one sixteenth-century poem, The Rewarde of Wickednesse (1574), and its author, Richard Robinson. The poem is framed in such a way that the topos of service is central to an understanding of Robinson’s authorial identity, an identity determined by his proclaimed status within the household of the sixth Earl of Shrewsbury. The poet claims to be one ‘of a hundreth’ serving the family during the captivity of Mary, Queen of Scots. The article locates the Rewarde of Wickednesse within the relevant geographical, literary and socio-political contexts and reveals aspects of Robinson’s artistry that have remained hitherto unexplored

Agouti protein, mahogunin, and attractin in pheomelanogenesis and melanoblast-like alteration of melanocytes: a cAMP-independent pathway

Melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) and its ligands, α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (αMSH) and agouti signaling protein (ASIP), regulate switching between eumelanin and pheomelanin synthesis in melanocytes. Here we investigated biological effects and signaling pathways of ASIP. Melan-a non agouti (a/a) mouse melanocytes produce mainly eumelanin, but ASIP combined with phenylthiourea and extra cysteine could induce over 200-fold increases in the pheomelanin to eumelanin ratio, and a tan-yellow color in pelletted cells. Moreover, ASIP-treated cells showed reduced proliferation and a melanoblast-like appearance, seen also in melanocyte lines from yellow (Ay/a and Mc1re/ Mc1re) mice. However ASIP-YY, a C-terminal fragment of ASIP, induced neither biological nor pigmentary changes. As, like ASIP, ASIP-YY inhibited the cAMP rise induced by αMSH analog NDP-MSH, and reduced cAMP level without added MSH, the morphological changes and depigmentation seemed independent of cAMP signaling. Melanocytes genetically null for ASIP mediators attractin or mahogunin (Atrnmg-3J/mg-3J or Mgrn1md-nc/md-nc) also responded to both ASIP and ASIP-YY in cAMP level, while only ASIP altered their proliferation and (in part) shape. Thus, ASIP–MC1R signaling includes a cAMP-independent pathway through attractin and mahogunin, while the known cAMP-dependent component requires neither attractin nor mahogunin

Anti-inflammatory and anti-invasive effects of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in human melanoma cells

Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) is known to have pleiotrophic functions including pigmentary, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and immunoregulatory roles in the mammalian body. It is also reported to influence melanoma invasion with levels of alpha-, beta- and gamma-MSH correlated clinically with malignant melanoma development, but other studies suggest alpha-MSH acts to retard invasion. In the present study, we investigated the action of alpha-MSH on three human melanoma cell lines (HBL, A375-SM and C8161) differing in metastatic potential. alpha-melanocyte-simulating hormone reduced invasion through fibronectin and also through a human reconstructed skin composite model for the HBL line, and inhibited proinflammatory cytokine-stimulated activation of the NF-kappaB transcription factor. However, A375-SM and C8161 cells did not respond to alpha-MSH. Immunofluorescent microscopy and Western blotting identified melanocortin-1 receptor (MC-1R) expression for all three lines and MC-2R on HBL and A375-SM lines. Receptor binding identified a similar affinity for alpha-MSH for all three lines with the highest number of binding sites on HBL cells. Only the HBL melanoma line demonstrated a detectable cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response to alpha-MSH, although all three lines responded to acute alpha-MSH addition (+(-)-N(6)-(2-phenylisopropyl)-adenosine (PIA)) with an elevation in intracellular calcium. The nonresponsive lines displayed MC-1R polymorphisms (C8161, Arg (wt) 151/Cys 151; A375-SM, homozygous Cys 151), whereas the HBL line was wild type. Stable transfection of the C8161 line with wild-type MC-1R produced cells whose invasion was significantly inhibited by alpha-MSH. From this data, we conclude that alpha-MSH can reduce melanoma cell invasion and protect cells against proinflammatory cytokine attack in cells with the wild-type receptor (HBL).Journal ArticleResearch Support, Non-U.S. Gov'tSCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

‘I keepe my watche, and warde’: Richard Robinson’s <em>Rewarde of Wickednesse</em> (1574)

In response to the recent call to re-evaluate what C.S. Lewis called the ‘Drab Age’, the article reassesses one sixteenth-century poem, The Rewarde of Wickednesse (1574), and its author, Richard Robinson. The poem is framed in such a way that the topos of service is central to an understanding of Robinson’s authorial identity, an identity determined by his proclaimed status within the household of the sixth Earl of Shrewsbury. The poet claims to be one ‘of a hundreth’ serving the family during the captivity of Mary, Queen of Scots. The article locates the Rewarde of Wickednesse within the relevant geographical, literary and socio-political contexts and reveals aspects of Robinson’s artistry that have remained hitherto unexplored

Bioremediation of 17β-estradiol, an Endocrine Disrupting Chemical, by the Oyster Mushroom, pleurotus ostreatus

This project investigated the abilities of Pleurotus ostreatus to sequester and break down the naturally occurring steroidal hormone 17-B estradiol through bioremediation in an aquatic environment. Pure fungal cultures were transferred to straw and wood substrate and colonized substrate was transferred to aquaria containing concentrations of estradiol in moving water. Samples were analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC-UV). Results were inconclusive due to detection limitation of the HPLC-UV system utilized and the adsorption of 17B-estradiol onto components in the aquarium. In a separate experiment, water samples of the Flint River Watershed, were sent to Arizona Laboratory for Emerging Contaminants for analysis through GC/LC/MS. This analysis showed levels of 17a-ethynyl estradiol well above those that caused morphological and behavioral changes (40 ng/L) in fish during in vitro experiments. The results of the water sampling also included BPA, a chemical which mimics steriodal estrogens. Another experiment measured the dry weight of P. ostreatus when exposed to 17B-estradiol (mixed in acetone) for 18 days. There was not a significant difference in dry weights of P. ostreatus grown with or without estradiol. The final experiement involved uptake and adsorption of 17B-estradiol using a human serum ELISA kit after 8 days of exposure to estradiol. Results were inconclusive due to organic contaminants. Growth of mycelium was observed in all in vitro experiments. This could indicate P. ostreatus was not inhibited by 17B-estradiol and may be able to use it as a carbon source.Master'sCollege of Arts and Sciences: BiologyUniversity of Michiganhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/117990/1/Buffey.pd

On-Line optical and x-ray spectroscopies with crystallography: an integrated approach for determining metalloprotein structures in functionally well defined states.

X-ray-induced redox changes can lead to incorrect assignments of the functional states of metals in metalloprotein crystals. The need for on-line monitoring of the status of metal ions (and other chromophores) during protein crystallography experiments is of growing importance with the use of intense synchrotron X-ray beams. Significant efforts are therefore being made worldwide to combine different spectroscopies in parallel with X-ray crystallographic data collection. Here the implementation and utilization of optical and X-ray absorption spectroscopies on the modern macromolecular crystallography (MX) beamline 10, at the SRS, Daresbury Laboratory, is described. This beamline is equipped with a dedicated monolithic energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence detector, allowing X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) measurements to be made in situ on the same crystal used to record the diffraction data. In addition, an optical microspectrophotometer has been incorporated on the beamline, thus facilitating combined MX, XAS and optical spectroscopic measurements. By uniting these techniques it is also possible to monitor the status of optically active and optically silent metal centres present in a crystal at the same time. This unique capability has been applied to observe the results of crystallographic data collection on crystals of nitrite reductase from Alcaligenes xylosoxidans, which contains both type-1 and type-2 Cu centres. It is found that the type-1 Cu centre photoreduces quickly, resulting in the loss of the 595 nm peak in the optical spectrum, while the type-2 Cu centre remains in the oxidized state over a much longer time period, for which independent confirmation is provided by XAS data as this centre has an optical spectrum which is barely detectable using microspectrophotometry. This example clearly demonstrates the importance of using two on-line methods, spectroscopy and XAS, for identifying well defined redox states of metalloproteins during crystallographic data collection. © 2008 International Union of Crystallography

The validity and reliability of the Achilles tendon moment arm assessed with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, relative to MRI and ultrasound assessments.

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in single energy mode has been shown to permit the visualisation of bone and soft tissue, such as the patellar tendon through two-dimensional sagittal imaging. However, there is no validated DXA-based measurement of the Achilles tendon moment arm (dAT). The aims of this study were: 1) to compare in vivo DXA derived measurements of the dAT at rest against two previously validated methods: tendon excursion (TE) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at three ankle angles (-5°, 0° and +10°). 2) analyse the intra-day reliability of the DXA method at all ankle angles and compare between methods. Twelve healthy adults (mean ± SD: 31.4 ± 9.5 years; 174.0 ± 9.5 cm; 76.2 ± 16.6 kg) participated in this study, involving test-retest DXA scans, ultrasound scans and one MRI scan. The dAT was defined as the distance from the centre of the calcaneal-tibial joint axis to the Achilles tendon (AT) muscle-tendon line of action. DXA derived dAT measures were significantly greater than MRI measurements (19.7-24.9%) and were 45.2% significantly larger than the TE method. The test-retest reliability of the DXA technique at 0° was high [CV = 1.38%; ICC = 0.96] and despite the consistently larger dAT lengths obtained using DXA, MRI and DEXA data were strongly correlated (r = 0.878, p < 0.001). In conclusion, the DXA technique allowed for highly reproducible in vivo dAT measurement at rest, which has implications for the calculation of AT forces in vivo and the ability to predict the measurement from one tool to the other, thereby providing a novel basis to contrast existing and future studies