The Influence of Casting Machine Speed in Cellulose Acetate Membrane Preparation

Membranes are being increasingly used as a valuable separation tool in laboratory as well as in industrial processes. Continual development of new membrane materials is crucial to sustain and expand the growing interest in this technology and modern polymer chemistry is highly proficient in tailoring polymers with desired properties such as increased mechanical, thermal and chemical stability. Cellulose acetate (CA) is one of the membrane polymers that has been used for aqueous based separation and used as both reverses osmosis (RO) and ultrafiltration (UF) membranes. This paper presents investigation of influence of casting machine speed in membrane preparation. CA is used in this study. That was CA-398-30 with average acetyl content 39.8 wt %. Non solvent used is water and the solvent is 99.7 % organic Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO). The homogenous CA/DMSO solutions were prepared by dissolving CA in DMSO solvent. The CA concentration were varied 13 and 16 % while casting solution speed were varied from 20 to 80 mm/sec with distance cutting machine were fixed at 14 cm. In addition, non solvent in coagulation bath also were varied by 100 % water and 10 % DMSO in water. The results of this experiment describe effect of casting machine speed to water permeability. The effect of CA concentration to water permeability shows the adversative result between 13 and 16 % CA in 100 non solvent water. The similar result also observed in 10 % DMSO in water

Effect of Co and Mo Loading by Impregnation and Ion Exchange Methods on Morphological Properties of Zeolite Y Catalyst

Coal tar can be used as an alternative raw material for the production of liquid fuels, such as: gasoline and diesel through hydrogenation and cracking process. Hydrogenation and cracking process requires a catalyst which has metal components for hydrogenation reaction and acid components for cracking reaction. In this study, the Co/Zeolite Y and Co-Mo/Zeolite Y catalysts were prepared by impregnation and ion exchange methods. Characterizations of the catalysts were carried out by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and gravimetric acidity. The catalysts were tested for coal tar conversion to liquid fuel under various temperatures, amount of catalyst and hydrogen flow rates in a fixed bed flow reaction system. Liquid fuels products were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). The XRD Spectra indicated that the addition of Co and Mo metals did not affect catalysts structure, however it alters the percentage of crystallinity. The addition of Co metal using impregnation method caused reduction in crystallinity, while the addition of Mo caused improvement of crystallinity. The Co-Mo/Zeolite Y catalyst with highest crystallinity was obtained by loading using ion exchange method. The addition of Co and Mo metals caused increasing acidity. However, the increasing composition of Co and Mo loaded on Zeolite Y catalyst decreased the yield of liquid fuels from coal tar. It can be concluded that the yields of liquid fuels and the composition of gasoline fractions from hydrocracking of coal tar were highly dependent on acidity of the catalyst. Copyright © 2016 BCREC GROUP. All rights reserved Received: 10th November 2015; Revised: 16th January 2016; Accepted: 16th January 2016 How to Cite: Anggoro, D.D., Hidayati, N., Buchori, L., Mundriyastutik, Y. (2016). Effect of Co and Mo Loading by Impregnation and Ion Exchange Methods on Morphological Properties of Zeolite Y Catalyst. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 11 (1): 75-83. (doi:10.9767/bcrec.11.1.418.75-83) Permalink/DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.11.1.418.75-8

Perkembangan Proses Produksi Biodiesel Sebagai Bahan Bakar Alternatif

Biodiesel has become more attractive recently because of its environmental benefits and the fact that it is made from renewable resources. Biodiesel can replace diesel oil without requiring modifications to the engine and advantageously produces cleaner emissions. Productions of biodiesel by various process methods, i.e. homogeneous, heterogeneous, and enzyme catalysts, have advantages and disadvantages. Advanced methods, such as supercritical, microwave, and ultrasonic, still leave the problem despite the high yield of biodiesel produced. Utilizing of fixed bed catalytic reactor in a continuous process can produce biodiesel with a yield of higher than 90%. The newly developed plasma technology can produce biodiesel in a very short time (120 s) with mild operating conditions. This paper reviews briefly the literatures on transesterification reaction using homogeneous, heterogeneous, and enzyme catalysts as well as advanced methods (supercritical, microwave, ultrasonic, and plasma technology)

Advanced Chemical Reactor Technologies for Biodiesel Production from Vegetable Oils - A Review

Biodiesel is an alternative biofuel that can replace diesel oil without requiring modifications to the engine and advantageously produces cleaner emissions. Biodiesel can be produced through transesterification process between oil or fat and alcohol to form esters and glycerol. The transesterification can be carried out with or without a catalyst. The catalyzed production of biodiesel can be performed by using homogeneous, heterogeneous and enzyme. Meanwhile, non-catalytic transesterification with supercritical alcohol provides a new way of producing biodiesel. Microwave and ultrasound assisted transesterification significantly can reduce reaction time as well as improve product yields. Another process, a plasma technology is promising for biodiesel synthesis from vegetable oils due to very short reaction time, no soap formation and no glycerol as a by-product. This paper reviews briefly the technologies on transesterification reaction for biodiesel production using homogeneous, heterogeneous, and enzyme catalysts, as well as advanced methods (supercritical, microwave, ultrasonic, and plasma technology). Advantages and disadvantages of each method were described comprehensively

Effects of Weight Hourly Space Velocity and Catalyst Diameter on Performance of Hybrid Catalytic-Plasma Reactor for Biodiesel Synthesis over Sulphated Zinc Oxide Acid Catalyst

Biodiesel synthesis through transesterification of soybean oil with methanol on hybrid catalytic-plasma reactor over sulphated zinc oxide (SO42-/ZnO) active acid catalyst was investigated. This research was aimed to study effects of Weight Hourly Space Velocity (WHSV) and the catalyst diameter on performance of the hybrid catalytic-plasma reactor for biodiesel synthesis. The amount (20.2 g) of active sulphated zinc oxide solid acid catalysts was loaded into discharge zone of the reactor. The WHSV and the catalyst diameter were varied between 0.89 to 1.55 min-1 and 3, 5, and 7 mm, respectively. The molar ratio of methanol to oil as reactants of 15:1 is fed to the reactor, while operating condition of the reactor was kept at reaction temperature of 65 oC and ambient pressure. The fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) component in biodiesel product was identified by Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the FAME yield decreases with increasing WHSV. It was found that the optimum FAME yield was achieved of 56.91 % at WHSV of 0.89 min-1 and catalyst diameter of 5 mm and reaction time of 1.25 min. It can be concluded that the biodiesel synthesis using the hybrid catalytic-plasma reactor system exhibited promising the FAME yield.

EKSTRAKSI ANTOSIANIN BUNGA DADAP MERAH MENGGUNAKAN METODE MAE (MICROWAVE ASSISTED EXTRACTION)

Antosianin merupakan sumber bahan pewarna alami, di mana selain karotenoid, klorofil, dan flavonoid yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk mendukung performa Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) atau sel surya peka warna. Ekstraksi dengan metode Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) meningkatkan hasil dan laju reaksi. Penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan variabel penelitian daya microwave yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh daya microwave dalam proses ekstraksi antosanin bunga dadap merah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa gelombang mikro dalam microwave mampu mempercepat proses ekstraksi dibutuhkan 12-15 menit dengan daya 300 W, 450 W dan 600 W. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa  total antosianin yang dihasilkan secara berurutan 9,518 mg/L (menit ke-12 daya, 300W); 2,755 mg/L (menit ke-15, daya 450W)  dan 2,839 mg/L (menit ke-12, daya 600W). Ekstraksi antosianin dadap merah menggunakan mikrowave lebih cepat 10 kali dan lebih besar yield 3-10 kali daripada konvensional 180 menit (0,8350 mg/L

Analisis Sosial terhadap Program KPR Rumah Bersubsidi Perumahan Pesona Estetika Cikembulan di Kabupaten Pangandaran

Abstrak Backlog rumah di Indonesia masih sangat tinggi. Berdasarkan data sensus BPS pada tahun 2015 backlog perumahan di Indonesia untuk tahun 2015 adalah 11.459.875 unit. Hal ini berkaitan dengan kemampuan untuk memiliki rumah, khususnya masyarakat yang berpenghasilan rendah (MBR). Pemerintah meluncurkan program kepemilikan rumah bersubsidi dengan menggandeng perbankan dan developer yang terdaftar sebagai penyedia unit rumah yang dijual ke konsumen. Peneliti ingin melihat sejauh mana respon masyarakat terhadap program KPR Rumah Bersubsidi berdasarkan pengalaman peneliti sebagai pelaku pembangunan (developer) dengan mengambil studi kasus di salah satu perumahan bersubsidi yang peneliti kembangkan yaitu Perumahan Pesona Estetika Cikembulan di Kabupaten Pangandaran, Jawa Barat-Indonesia. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, program KPR rumah subsidi ini mendapat respon yang sangat tinggi dari masyarakat, terbukti melalui penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Peneliti berdasarkan data penjualan dari perumahan bersubsidi yang dibangun pada tahun 2016, total sebanyak 51 unit rumah subsidi laku terjual dan diserah-terimakan ke konsumen hanya dalam jangka waktu kurang dari 1 tahun sejak dipasarkan. Hal ini tentu menjadi capaian yang positif bagi pemerintah karena menurunkan angka backlog perumahan. Pada pelaksanaannya di lapangan, mayoritas calon konsumen tidak hanya kalangan MBR ingin membeli rumah dengan skema subsidi, sehingga hal tersebut berpotensi terjadi manipulasi-manipulasi. Diperlukan komitmen yang tinggi dari semua stakeholder; pemerintah sebagai pembuat program untuk menerapkan aturan dan pengawasan, perbankan sebagai penyedia jasa keuangan tidak hanya capaiannya target KPR, dan tentunya yang paling penting adalah komitmen developer untuk menyaring calon konsumen yang benar-benar berkategori MBR untuk dapat membeli rumah subsidi sehingga program ini dapat berhasil dan tepat sasaran. Kata kunci: backlog; kpr subsidi; masyarakat berpenghasilan rendah; respon masyarakat; rumah subsid

REAKSI METANOLISIS LIMBAH MINYAK IKAN MENJADI METIL ESTER SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKAR BIODIESEL DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN KATALIS NaOH

Biodiesel merupakan bahan bakar alternatif yang produksinya dapat diperbaharui. Biodisel diperoleh dari minyak tumbuhan, lemak binatang atau minyak bekas melalui esterifikasi dengan alkohol. Biodiesel dapat digunakan tanpa modifikasi ulang mesin diesel. Minyak ikan dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai biodiesel karena mengandung asam lemak bebas. Peningkatan asam lemak bebas secara cepat terjadi karena adanya enzim lipase aktif pada saat proses pembuatan minyak ikan menjadi biodsel sehingga dapat dikonversi menjadi metil ester dengan proses esterifikasi. Esterifikasi adalah reaksi asam lemak bebas dengan alkohol membentuk ester dan air. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menghasilkan biodiesel dari limbah ikan dengan pengolahan limbah secara fisik, kimiawi, dan biologis, menentukan waktu reaksi optimum esterifikasi, serta menentukan banyaknya soda kaustik (NaOH) yang dibutuhkan agar didapatkan pemisahan antara gliserin dan metil ester yang optimum. Variabel tetap yang digunakan terdiri dari : berat minyak ikan 50 ml, waktu pemasakan 120 menit, perbandingan kadar minyak: metanol (1:6), % berat katalis, sedangkan variabel berubahnya terdiri dari : NaOH , dan waktu esterifikasi, variasi NaOH yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini adalah 3,5gr, 4,5gr, 5,5gr , dan 6,5gr dan variasi untuk waktu esterifikasinya adalah 30, 45, 60, dan 75 menit. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pada waktu 75 menit, perbandingan minyak :methanol = 1:6 dan dengan penambahan NaOH 3,5 gram memberikan konversi maksimal yaitu 80,59%

EFEK PENYIMPANAN BIODIESEL BERDASARKAN STUDI KAJIAN DEGRADASI BIODIESEL CPO

BIODIESEL STORAGE EFFECT BASED ON DEGRADATION OF CPO BIODIESEL Biodiesel denotes as ester mono alkyl of long chain fatty acid such as CPO (crude palm oil) which can biologically degrade more than 98% within three (3) weeks, whereas fossil fuel degrade partially only. The objective of research was to investigate degradation of biodiesel during storage. The scope of this research covered the container design, storage condition, initial analysis of CPO biodiesel, and degradation rate during product storage by using oxidation rate of biodiesel. The results showed that there was degradation on CPO biodiesel during product storage. It can be seen from increasing of acid value and saponification number, decreasing of iodine number, increasing of total glycerol value, and decreasing of ester number in biodiesel product. Storage period prediction of biodiesel can be approached by using equation, i.e. =0.00122−0.0052+0.0609. In this research, the maximum storage period of CPO biodiesel achieved at 27 weeks. Other result showed that well storage was achieved with closed-galvanized container.Keywords: biodiesel; CPO; degradation; storage period   Abstrak Biodiesel merupakan ester mono alkil dari asam lemak rantai panjang, seperti CPO (crude palm oil) yang terdegradasi lebih dari 98% secara biologi dalam 3 minggu, sedangkan bahan bakar diesel hanya terdegradasi sebagian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengamati proses degradasi biodiesel selama masa penyimpanan. Penelitian ini meliputi rancangan tangki biodiesel, kondisi penyimpanan, analisa awal biodiesel, dan studi laju degradasi pada tahap penyimpanan produk dengan ditelaah laju oksidasi pada biodiesel.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa selama periode proses penyimpanan terjadi proses degradasi biodiesel. Hal ini terlihat dari hasil analisa yang menunjukkan bahwa terjadi kenaikan angka asam selama proses penyimpanan, kenaikan angka penyabunan, penurunan bilangan iodine, kenaikan kadar gliserol total dan penurunan kadar ester di dalam biodiesel. Prediksi periode penyimpanan biodiesel dapat didekati dengan persamaan =0,00122−0,0052+0,0609. Dari persamaan tersebut diperoleh bahwa periode maksimal penyimpanan biodiesel adalah 27 minggu. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa penyimpanan biodiesel CPO yang paling baik adalah dengan menggunakan bahan galvanized dengan kondisi penyimpanan yang tertutup