488 research outputs found
Relationship between abuse and neglect in childhood and diabetes in adulthood: Differential effects by sex, national longitudinal study of adolescent health
INTRODUCTION: Few studies have investigated links between child abuse and neglect and diabetes mellitus in nationally representative samples, and none have explored the role of obesity in the relationship. We sought to determine whether child abuse and neglect were associated with diabetes and if so, whether obesity mediated this relationship in a population-representative sample of young adults. METHODS: We used data from 14,493 participants aged 24 to 34 years from Wave IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to study associations between self-reported child abuse (sexual, physical, or emotional abuse) and neglect as children and diabetes or prediabetes in young adulthood. We conducted sex-stratified logistic regression analyses to evaluate associations in models before and after the addition of body mass index (BMI) as a covariate. RESULTS: Although the prevalence of diabetes was similar for men and women (7.0% vs 6.7%), men were more likely than women to have prediabetes (36.3% vs 24.6%; omnibus P < .001). Among men, recurrent sexual abuse (â„3 lifetime incidents) was significantly associated with diabetes (OR, 3.66; 95% CI, 1.31â10.24), but not with prediabetes. There was no evidence of mediation by BMI. No forms of child abuse or neglect were associated with diabetes or prediabetes among women. CONCLUSIONS: Recurrent sexual abuse is robustly associated with diabetes in young adult men, independently of other forms of child abuse or neglect and BMI. Future research should explore other potential mechanisms for this association to identify avenues for prevention of diabetes among men who have experienced sexual abuse
Some examples of exponentially harmonic maps
The aim of this paper is to study some examples of exponentially harmonic
maps. We study such maps firstly on flat euclidean and Minkowski spaces and
secondly on Friedmann-Lema\^ itre universes. We also consider some new models
of exponentially harmonic maps which are coupled with gravity which happen to
be based on a generalization of the lagrangian for bosonic strings coupled with
dilatonic field.Comment: 16 pages, 5 figure
Quantum Time and Spatial Localization: An Analysis of the Hegerfeldt Paradox
Two related problems in relativistic quantum mechanics, the apparent
superluminal propagation of initially localized particles and dependence of
spatial localization on the motion of the observer, are analyzed in the context
of Dirac's theory of constraints. A parametrization invariant formulation is
obtained by introducing time and energy operators for the relativistic particle
and then treating the Klein-Gordon equation as a constraint. The standard,
physical Hilbert space is recovered, via integration over proper time, from an
augmented Hilbert space wherein time and energy are dynamical variables. It is
shown that the Newton-Wigner position operator, being in this description a
constant of motion, acts on states in the augmented space. States with strictly
positive energy are non-local in time; consequently, position measurements
receive contributions from states representing the particle's position at many
times. Apparent superluminal propagation is explained by noting that, as the
particle is potentially in the past (or future) of the assumed initial place
and time of localization, it has time to propagate to distant regions without
exceeding the speed of light. An inequality is proven showing the Hegerfeldt
paradox to be completely accounted for by the hypotheses of subluminal
propagation from a set of initial space-time points determined by the quantum
time distribution arising from the positivity of the system's energy. Spatial
localization can nevertheless occur through quantum interference between states
representing the particle at different times. The non-locality of the same
system to a moving observer is due to Lorentz rotation of spatial axes out of
the interference minimum.Comment: This paper is identical to the version appearing in J. Math. Phys.
41; 6093 (Sept. 2000). The published version will be found at
http://ojps.aip.org/jmp/. The paper (40 page PDF file) has been completely
revised since the last posting to this archiv
Self-assembly of phosphate fluorosurfactants in carbon dioxide
Anionic phosphodiester surfactants, possessing either two fluorinated chains (F/F) or one hydrocarbon chain and one fluorinated chain (H/F), were synthesized and evaluated for solubility and self-assembly in liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide. Several surfactants, of both F/F and EUF types and having varied counterions, were found to be capable of solubilizing water-in-CO2 (W/C), via the formation of microemulsions, expanding upon the family of phosphate fluorosurfactants already found to stabilize W/C microemulsions. Small-angle neutron scattering was used to directly characterize the microemulsion particles at varied temperatures, pressures, and water loadings, revealing behavior consistent with previous results on W/C microemulsions
The KASCADE-Grande Experiment and the LOPES Project
KASCADE-Grande is the extension of the multi-detector setup KASCADE to cover
a primary cosmic ray energy range from 100 TeV to 1 EeV. The enlarged EAS
experiment provides comprehensive observations of cosmic rays in the energy
region around the knee. Grande is an array of 700 x 700 sqm equipped with 37
plastic scintillator stations sensitive to measure energy deposits and arrival
times of air shower particles. LOPES is a small radio antenna array to operate
in conjunction with KASCADE-Grande in order to calibrate the radio emission
from cosmic ray air showers. Status and capabilities of the KASCADE-Grande
experiment and the LOPES project are presented.Comment: To appear in Nuclear Physics B, Proceedings Supplements, as part of
the volume for the CRIS 2004, Cosmic Ray International Seminar: GZK and
Surrounding
Effect of low perceived social support on health outcomes in young patients with acute myocardial infarction: results from the VIRGO (variation in recovery: role of gender on outcomes of young AMI patients) study
Background: Social support is an important predictor of health outcomes after acute myocardial infarction (AMI), but social support varies by sex and age. Differences in social support could account for sex differences in outcomes of young patients with AMI. Methods and Results: Data from the Variation in Recovery: Role of Gender on Outcomes of Young AMI Patients (VIRGO) study, an observational study of AMI patients aged â€55 years in the United States and Spain, were used for this study. Patients were categorized as having low versus moderate/high perceived social support using the ENRICHD Social Support Inventory. Outcomes included health status (Short Form-12 physical and mental component scores), depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire), and angina-related quality of life (Seattle Angina Questionnaire) evaluated at baseline and 12 months. Among 3432 patients, 21.2% were classified as having low social support. Men and women had comparable levels of social support at baseline. On average, patients with low social support reported lower functional status and quality of life and more depressive symptoms at baseline and 12 months post-AMI. After multivariable adjustment, including baseline health status, low social support was associated with lower mental functioning, lower quality of life, and more depressive symptoms at 12 months (all P<0.001). The relationship between low social support and worse physical functioning was nonsignificant after adjustment (P=0.6). No interactions were observed between social support, sex, or country. Conclusion: Lower social support is associated with worse health status and more depressive symptoms 12 months after AMI in both young men and women. Sex did not modify the effect of social support.Emily M. Bucholz, Kelly M. Strait, Rachel P. Dreyer, Mary Geda, Erica S. Spatz, Hector Bueno, Judith H. Lichtman, Gail D'Onofrio, John A. Spertus, Harlan M. Krumhol
Sex differences in financial barriers and the relationship to recovery after acute myocardial infarction
Background-Financial barriers to health care are associated with worse outcomes following acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Yet, it is unknown whether the prevalence of financial barriers and their relationship with post-AMI outcomes vary by sex among young adults. Methods and Results-We assessed sex differences in patient-reported financial barriers among adults aged <55Â years with AMI using data from the Variation in Recovery: Role of Gender on Outcomes of Young AMI Patients study. We examined the prevalence of financial barriers and their association with health status 12 months post-AMI. Among 3437 patients, more women than men reported financial barriers to medications (22.3% vs 17.2%; P=0.001), but rates of financial barriers to services were similar (31.3% vs 28.9%; P=0.152). In multivariable linear regression models adjusting for baseline health, psychosocial status, and clinical characteristics, compared with no financial barriers, women and men with financial barriers to services and medications had worse mental functional status (Short Form-12 mental health score: mean difference [MD]=-3.28 and -3.35, respectively), greater depressive symptomatology (Patient Health Questionnaire-9: MD, 2.18 and 2.16), lower quality of life (Seattle Angina Questionnaire-Quality of Life: MD, -4.98 and -7.66), and higher perceived stress (Perceived Stress Score: MD, 3.76 and 3.90; all P<0.05). There was no interaction between sex and financial barriers. Conclusions-Financial barriers to care are common in young patients with AMI and associated with worse health outcomes 1Â year post-AMI. Whereas women experienced more financial barriers than men, the association did not vary by sex. These findings emphasize the importance of addressing financial barriers to recovery post-AMI in young adults.Adam L. Beckman, Emily M. Bucholz, Weiwei Zhang, Xiao Xu, Rachel P. Dreyer, Kelly M. Strait, John A. Spertus, Harlan M. Krumholz, Erica S. Spat
Genome-wide association study identifies loci associated with liability to alcohol and drug dependence that is associated with variability in reward-related ventral striatum activity in African- and European-Americans.
Genetic influences on alcohol and drug dependence partially overlap, however, specific loci underlying this overlap remain unclear. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of a phenotype representing alcohol or illicit drug dependence (ANYDEP) among 7291 European-Americans (EA; 2927 cases) and 3132 African-Americans (AA: 1315 cases) participating in the family-based Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism. ANYDEP was heritable (h 2 in EA = 0.60, AA = 0.37). The AA GWAS identified three regions with genome-wide significant (GWS; Pâ<â5E-08) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on chromosomes 3 (rs34066662, rs58801820) and 13 (rs75168521, rs78886294), and an insertion-deletion on chromosome 5 (chr5:141988181). No polymorphisms reached GWS in the EA. One GWS region (chromosome 1: rs1890881) emerged from a trans-ancestral meta-analysis (EAâ+âAA) of ANYDEP, and was attributable to alcohol dependence in both samples. Four genes (AA: CRKL, DZIP3, SBK3; EA: P2RX6) and four sets of genes were significantly enriched within biological pathways for hemostasis and signal transduction. GWS signals did not replicate in two independent samples but there was weak evidence for association between rs1890881 and alcohol intake in the UK Biobank. Among 118 AA and 481 EA individuals from the Duke Neurogenetics Study, rs75168521 and rs1890881 genotypes were associated with variability in reward-related ventral striatum activation. This study identified novel loci for substance dependence and provides preliminary evidence that these variants are also associated with individual differences in neural reward reactivity. Gene discovery efforts in non-European samples with distinct patterns of substance use may lead to the identification of novel ancestry-specific genetic markers of risk
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Intrinsic radiolabeling of nutrients for human nutrition studies using accelerator mass spectrometry
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